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Bioscience Class > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main types of biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins (and amino acids), nucleic acids

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2
Q

What functional groups do amino acids contain?

A

A carboxylic acid and an amine functional group

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3
Q

What does glycolysis produce from glucose?

A

Two three-carbon sugar-acids (lactic acid or pyruvic acid) and some energy

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4
Q

What is the main characteristic of lipids?

A

Lipids are more soluble in organic solvents than in water

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5
Q

What bond is formed between two monosaccharides?

A

A glycoside bond

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6
Q

Most carbohydrates are _______, which means they are not superimposable on their own mirror image.

A

Chiral

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7
Q

The most common saponifiable lipid is _______

A

Triglycerides

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8
Q

Carbohydrates are polyalcohol aldehydes or _______.

A

ketones

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9
Q

What is a main characteristic of lipids?

A

Lipids are more soluble in organic solvents than in water.

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10
Q

Monosaccharides form cyclic hemiacetals or hemiketals by the addition of one of the _______ groups across the carbonyl double bond.

A

Alcohol functional

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11
Q

Triglycerides are tri-esters of glycerin and three _______

A

fatty acids

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12
Q

What type of fatty acid contains no carbon-carbon double bonds?

A

Saturated fatty acid

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12
Q

Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids contain _______ double bonds.

A

CIS

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13
Q

Nonsaponifiable lipids include _______ and prostaglandins

A

steroids

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14
Q

The Krebs Cycle is the most efficient energy production pathway, producing _______ and reduced coenzymes like NADH2

A

ATP

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15
Q

What is the function of the electron transport chain?

A

To use NADH2 to make ATP

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16
Q

Amino acids contain two organic functional groups: _______ and an amine

A

Carboxylic acid

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17
Q

What is the pI (isoelectric point) of an amino acid?

A

The pH at which an amino acid is electrically neutral.

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18
Q

The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of _______.

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

What are the two common secondary structures of proteins?

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

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20
Q

The tertiary structure of a protein is its folded, _______ structure.

A

globular

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21
Q

What happens to a protein when it is denatured?

A

It loses its tertiary and secondary structure and becomes inactive.

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22
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers consisting of five-carbon sugar molecules linked together by _______ groups.

A

Phosphate

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23
Q

A nucleoside is a sugar bonded to a _______.

A

Nitrogen base

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24
Q

The four nucleoside bases in DNA are _______, ________, ______, _________

A

adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, cytidine

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25
Q

Which nucleoside base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

A

uridine

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26
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A phosphate ester of a nucleoside.

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27
Q

The double-stranded structure of DNA is held together by _______.

A

base-pairing

28
Q

In DNA, adenine always pairs with _______.

A

thymine

29
Q

The sequence of bases in DNA forms the _______.

A

Genetic code

30
Q

The function of m-RNA is to _______ the genetic code from DNA.

A

transcribe

31
Q

What is the role of t-RNA in protein synthesis?

A

To match anticodons to codons on m-RNA and carry amino acids.

32
Q

Naturally occurring monosaccharides belong to the _______ family.

A

D

33
Q

A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a carbon backbone containing _______ carbon atoms.

A

12-18

34
Q

Fatty acids are saturated if there are no _______ bonds.

A

Carbon-carbon double

35
Q

Carbohydrates and fatty acids are the principal _______ sources

A

Energy

36
Q

Amino acids contain a carboxylic acid, an amine, and a _______

A

side chain group

37
Q

The amine functional group is converted into its _______ conjugate acid at low pH

A

Positively charged

38
Q

The primary structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of _______.

A

amino acids

39
Q

Translation of the genetic code is achieved by matching t-RNA molecules to the m-RNA _______.

A

chain

40
Q

T/F: Monosaccharides can be easily broken down into simpler sugars by dilute aqueous acid.

A

False, polysaccharides can be broken down into monosaccharides by dilute aqueous acid.

41
Q

T/F: Saponifiable lipids cannot be broken down into fatty acids.

A

False, saponifiable lipids CAN be broken down into fatty acids by the action of hot aqueous base.

42
Q

T/F: Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids contain trans double bonds.

A

False, they contain CIS

43
Q

T/F: Nonsaponifiable lipids include steroids and prostaglandins.

A

True

44
Q

T/F: Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvic acid and lactic acid.

A

True

45
Q

T/F: The Krebs Cycle directly produces a large amount of ATP.

A

False- The Krebs Cycle produces some ATP but primarily produces reduced coenzymes like NADH2, which are used in the electron transport chain to make ATP

46
Q

T/F: Amino acids with nonpolar side chains are usually found on the exterior of proteins.

A

False, Amino acids with nonpolar side chains are usually found in the interior of proteins, away from the polar water solvent.

47
Q

T/F: Proteins can lose their structure and function when exposed to changes in pH or organic solvents.

A

True

48
Q

T/F: Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA.

A

True

49
Q

T/F: t-RNA replaces thymidine with uridine.

A

True

50
Q

What is the main source of energy in cells?

a) Proteins
b) Carbohydrates
c) Lipids
d) Nucleic acids

A

B: Carbohydrates

51
Q

Which of the following is NOT a saponifiable lipid?

a) Triglycerides
b) Fatty acids
c) Steroids
d) Phospholipids

A

C) Steroids

52
Q

Which nucleoside base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

a) Adenosine
b) Guanosine
c) Thymidine
d) Uridine

A

d) Uridine

53
Q

Which type of fatty acid contains cis double bonds?

a) Saturated fatty acids
b) Unsaturated fatty acids
c) Triglycerides
d) Steroids

A

b) Unsaturated fatty acids

54
Q

What is the role of NADH2 in the Krebs Cycle?

a) To break down glucose
b) To produce ATP directly
c) To transport electrons
d) To synthesize fatty acids

A

c) To transport electrons

55
Q

Which of the following bonds maintain the secondary structure of proteins like alpha helices and beta sheets?

a) Hydrogen bonds
b) Ionic bonds
c) Disulfide bonds
d) Covalent bonds

A

a) Hydrogen bonds

56
Q

The double-stranded structure of DNA is held together by:

a) Covalent bonds
b) Ionic bonds
c) Hydrogen bonds
d) Disulfide bonds

A

c) Hydrogen bonds

57
Q

The sequence of bases in DNA is transcribed into RNA. What base does RNA have instead of thymidine?

a) Adenosine
b) Guanosine
c) Uridine
d) Cytidine

A

c) Uridine

58
Q

In the structure of a nucleotide, what functional group connects the sugar to the nitrogenous base?

a) Phosphate
b) Ester
c) Amide
d) Glycosidic

A

a) Phosphate

59
Q

Which of the following types of RNA carries amino acids during translation?

a) m-RNA
b) t-RNA
c) r-RNA
d) s-RNA

A

b) t-RNA

60
Q

what is an oxidation reaction

A

oxidation: removing electrons (loss of energy) increase in Oxygen bonds… + charge

61
Q

what is a reduction reaction

A

reduction: increase in electrons, decrease in O2 bonds, - charge

62
Q

what is chirality

A

non superimposable mirror image

63
Q

what is ATP’s structure

A

3 phosphate groups, very high energy

64
Q

what is ATP’s function

A

energy transfer and storage

64
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

65
Q

what does aerobic glycosis/metabolism do

A

pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

66
Q

what does anaerobic glycolysis/metabolism do

A

pyruvic acid to lactic acid

67
Q
A

Bioscience Class (3 decks)

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