CH 11 Attachment to Others and the Development of Self

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time.

Question 2

How do early relationships influence the child?

Answer 2

Many investigations believe that children’s early relationships with parents:
1. influence nature of interactions with others from infancy
2. influence their feelings about their own worth.

Question 3

Harry Harlow

Answer 3

Experiments with monkeys deprived of early social interaction confirmed the view that healthy social and emotional development is rooted in children’s early social interactions with adults.
Cloth vs wire monkey experiment

Question 4

Bowlby

Answer 4

John Bowlby: Attachment theory- influenced by ethological theory, posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers, brought about as an increased means of survival
1. sense of security
2. Means to explore environment

Question 5

Ainsworth (The Strange Situation)

Answer 5

assesses infants attachment styles through separation and reunion episodes where parents leave child alone with a stranger. Suggests different attachment styles

Question 6

Parental Sensitivity

Answer 6

Contributes to security of an infant’s attachment
 Can be exhibited in a variety of ways
 Responsive caregiving when children are distressed
or upset
 Helping children engage in learning situations by
providing just enough (but not too much) guidance
and supervision

Question 7

Intervention studies

Answer 7

(e.g., parents trained to be more
sensitive in their caregiving) indicate causal
relationship between parental sensitivity and security of
attachment

Question 8

The Self in Infancy

Answer 8

By 18-20 months, many children
look into a mirror and realize
that the image they see is
themselves.
(Younger than 18 mo., infants
respond by trying to touch
child in mirror or do nothing.)
By 30 months of age, almost all
children (97%) recognize their
own photograph.
rouge test
4/4/2023 19

Question 9

The Self in Adolescence

Answer 9

Adolescents start to think
of themselves in terms of
abstract characteristics
that encompass a variety
of concrete characteristics
and behaviors.
- Adolescents can also
conceive of themselves in
terms of a variety of selves,
depending on the context.

Question 10

Personal fable

Answer 10

develops: story that
adolescents tell
about themselves
involves beliefs in the
uniqueness of their
own feelings and
their immortality

Question 11

Imaginary audience:

Answer 11

belief that everyone is focused on the
adolescent’s appearance and behavior

Question 12

Late adolescence / early adulthood:
conception of self becomes more integrated

Answer 12

more internalized personal values,
beliefs, and standards
‐ less emphasis on others’ evaluations
‐ incorporates numerous aspects of self
(values & goals about future, political
& religious beliefs, sexual identity)
‐ Parents, teachers, others helps
adolescents understand complexity of
personalities