CH 10 Psych Flashcards
How does the idea of a general intelligence differ from the idea of multiple intelligences?
Theory of General Intelligence: One general intelligence that underlies all specific mental abilities
Theory of Multiple Intelligences:
there are multiple different types of intelligences (Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences—9 different intelligences) and we are not born with all of intelligence that they will ever have
What are the three types of intelligences proposed by Robert Sternberg?
Analytical: skills that enable you to do well academically
Creative: the ability to come up with novel and useful ideas
Practical: street smarts and common sense, being able to use knowledge in real life
What is emotional intelligence?
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions adaptively in oneself and others
Who was Alfred Binet and what did he do?
Alfred Binet was a French psychologist that invented the first practical IQ Test, the Binet-Simon Test
What does mental age refer to on the Binet-Simon scale?
level of performance on the Binet-Simon test associated with a particular chronological age
Who was Louis Terman and how did he alter the Binet-Simon scale?
Louis Terman was a professor at Stanford that adapted the Binet-Simon scale scale for use in the United States
Highly altered: Added items to measure adult intelligence
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
How was IQ
originally calculated for the Stanford-Binet test? What was a major problem with early
intelligence tests?
IQ: Mental age/Chronological age X 100
Problems: Cultural bias—given to immigrants coming in to Ellis Island, people began to assume that people from those countries were intellectually inferior; it was assumed that lower scores correlated with intelligence and potential intelligence (limited opportunities)
What IQ tests are most commonly used today?
Stanford-Binet scale still used today
Most common are Wechsler scales (WAIS, WISC, WPPSI)
WAIS – Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WISC- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, ages 6-16
WPPSI – Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, below age 6
Calculate IQ with overall score plus sub-scores (different areas of intelligence)
Standardized
What is standardization in terms of intelligence testing?
The standardization of a test involves giving it to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level. It is important that intelligence tests be standardized on a regular basis, because the overall level of intelligence in a population may change over time.
How is IQ score determined for current IQ tests? What are norms? What is a normal
distribution/bell curve? What is the average IQ?
-Wechsler tests calculate IQ by performing overall score plus sub-scores
-Compare your performance with the performance of other people in your age group
-Norms—periodically given to large, representative samples of people of different age groups scores from representative samples establish norms (descriptions of the frequencies of test scores) for the test
-Normal distribution
Bell-shaped curve
100 is median, mode, mean of IQ scores in population
68-95-99.7
-Average IQ = 100
What criteria must one typically meet to be considered gifted?
IQ of 130 or above considered to be gifted (top 2%)
What criteria must one typically meet to be diagnosed with intellectual disability? How is
learning difference different from mental intellectual disability?
-Intellectual: would have to exhibit difficulties with daily adaptive living skills (age appropriate communication skills, social skills, simple logical, would this person be able to live independently/avoid being swindled/pay their bills/obey laws), IQ of below 70
-Mental vs. intellectual: Intellectual is more global, process certain types of information differently than other people do
People with learning differences may do poorly on some parts of the IG test and great on others and have normal or above normal IQ
What is a cross-sectional study? What is a longitudinal study?
Cross-sectional: a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data
Longitudinal: research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time
What is fluid intelligence? crystallized intelligence? How do these tend to change with
age?
-Fluid intelligence: involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems
-Crystallized intelligence: the ability to utilize skills and knowledge acquired via prior learning
-fluid abilities decline throughout adulthood, whereas crystallized abilities show gains into old age
What is a cohort?
group of people with a shared trait
