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Principles Of Biology > Ch 10 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Ch 10 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Conversion of the kinetic energy of light to potential energy in the covalent bonds of organic compounds

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2
Q

What is made from the energy of light?

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that obtains food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from them

“Producers of the biosphere”

Plants

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4
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Use the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from water and CO2

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5
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism that obtains organic food by eating other organisms or their by products

“Consumers of the biosphere”

Animals

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6
Q

Major site of photosynthesis in plants

A

Leaves - chloroplasts

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7
Q

2 phases of photosynthesis

A

1) the light reactions

2) the Calvin cycle

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8
Q

Pigment molecules embedded in thylakoid membranes

A

Chlorophylls & accessory pigments (carotenoids)

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9
Q

Light absorbed by chlorophylls

A

Red & blue

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10
Q

Light transmitted by chlorophylls

A

Green

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11
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

Main photosynthetic pigment

CH3

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12
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

Accessory pigment
Absorbs additional wavelengths & broadens the spectrum for photosynthesis
CHO

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13
Q

Porphyrin ring

A

Light absorbing “head” of molecule

Mg atom in center of molecule

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14
Q

Phytol tail

A

Interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

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15
Q

Carotenoids

A

Family of orange & yellow pigments found in photosynthetic organisms

Present in carrots, tomatoes, squash and green leaves

Absorb blue-violet, transmit orange

Absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll

Antioxidants w many health benefits

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16
Q

Carotene

A

General category of carotenoids

Present in yellow vegetables

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17
Q

Xanthophylls

A

Present in green vegetables

General category of carotenoids

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18
Q

Beta-carotene

A

Essential nutrient the body converts to vitamin A
Present in orange carrots, sweet potatoes, and squash
Type of carotenoid

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19
Q

Lutein

A

Type of carotenoid
Exists in dark green kale, broccoli, yellow egg yolk, and bell peppers
May counteract decline in cognitive function

20
Q

Lycopene

A

Type of carotenoid

Exists in red tomatoes, watermelon, apricots, grapefruit and papaya

21
Q

Zeaxanthin

A

Type of carotenoid

Protects against cataracts and macular degeneration

22
Q

Anthocyanins

A

Compounds responsible for reds, pinks, purples, and blues in plants
Peak absorbance = 500nm
Attractants/repellants
Absorb UV-B light and protect DNA
Protect photosynthetic apparatus from too much light

23
Q

Betanin

A

Prominent red pigment in beets
Betacyanin
Glycosylated compounds - betalains

24
Q

Photosystem

A

Assemblage of chlorophylls and accessory pigments

25
Q

Reaction center

A

Pair of chlorophyll molecules
Where energy is transferred to chlorophylls
Electrons are ejected wants the gain so much energy

26
Q

Primary electron acceptor

A

Captures ejected electrons

27
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Made up of electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane

Transport of electrons results in production of ATP and NADPH

28
Q

Photosystem I

A

Absorbs maximally at 700nm

RC in chlorophyll a = P700

29
Q

Photosystem II

A

Absorbs maximally at 680
P680
Responsible for large increase in atmospheric O2 that occurred 2.5 billion years ago

30
Q

Step 1 in linear electron flow

A

Photons strike pigment molecules embedded in thylakoid membranes
Energy passed to P680 - excites electrons

31
Q

Step 2 in linear electron flow

A

Excited electron is transferred to the primary electron acceptor

32
Q

Step 3

A

Electrons leaving P680 are replaced w electrons from water

Water = ultimate donor of electrons

33
Q

Step 4

A

Electrons pass thru electron transport chain to PS I

34
Q

Step 5

A

As electrons flow through electron chain, hydrogen ions are pumped from stroma into thylakoid space

35
Q

Step 6

A

Light is absorbed at PS I, energized electrons are captured by electron acceptor

These electrons are replaced by electrons passed from PS II thru electron transport chain

36
Q

Step 7

A

Electrons are passed from primary electron acceptor of PS I to protein ferredoxin

37
Q

Step 8

A

Electrons are transferred from ferredoxin to NADP+ to reduce it to NADPH

Reaction takes a H+ ion from the stroma:
NADP+ + 2e- + H+ –> NADPH (electrically neutral)
Electrons at PS I aren’t used to make ATP, they’re passed on to NADP+

38
Q

NADP+

A

Ultimate acceptor of electrons

39
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Mechanism used by chloroplasts to generate ATP
Redox reactions of electron transport chains
Generates an H+ gradient across a membrane
H+ ions are pumped from stroma into thylakoid space
As H+ ions flow back into stroma thru ATP synthase, ATP is made from ADP & Pi

40
Q

The Calvin cycle

A

ATP and NADPH made in light reactions are used to power the conversion of CO2 to glucose
Takes place in the stroma

41
Q

3 steps of the Calvin cycle

A

1) carbon fixation
2) reduction (synthesis of G3P)
3) regeneration of RuBP

42
Q

Carbon fixation

A

Yields 12 PGA
CO2 is captured from the atmosphere and incorporated into an organic compound
Creates an unstable 6-C compound that immediately splits into 2 –> 2 PGA’s (3-C compound)

43
Q

Reduction of PGA

A

Yields 12 G3P’s

Using the energy of 1 ATP and 1 NADPH, each PGA molecule is converted to a molecule of G3P

44
Q

Regeneration of RuBP

A

Yields 6 RuBP and 1 glucose

Some G3P is used to make glucose, the rest is used to regenerate RuBP

45
Q

Net reaction of Calvin cycle

A

6 CO2 –> 1 glucose

Everything gets multiplied by 6

Principles Of Biology (3 decks)

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