CH. 10: Intelligence Flashcards
Intelligence
The ability to learn, remember, and use new information to solve problems and adapt to novel situations
Eugenics
Selective Breeding
Forced sterilization
Immigration
Nazi Germany
White Supremacy Movement
Levels of intellectual disability
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Profound
Mental Age
Alfred Binet (1857–1911) and Theodore Simon (1872–1961) used their first intelligence test to identify children who needed remedial education.
- Tried to measure aptitude apart from achievement
- Mental age - a 10 year old whose score matched the average 10 year old was said to have a mental age of 10
The I.Q. For Adults Replaced Mental Age
Intelligent quotient (IQ) is a statistic obtained by dividing an adult’s test score by the average adult’s test score and then multiplying the quotient by 100.
Thus: score = 110, average adult score say is 95
110/95=1.16 x 100 = 116 IQ
The Intelligence Test
Intelligence tests are typically used to predict performance in school or to diagnose special challenges facing a student.
- Do not measure “intelligence” per se, but tasks that correlate with such
The most widely used intelligence tests today are the:
- Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Individual Differences in Intelligence
The average IQ is 100, and about 68% of people have IQs between 85 and 115.
- Intellectually gifted: People who score well above large middle range
- Intellectually disabled: People who score well below the middle range
Although males and females have the same average IQ, the distribution of males’ IQ scores is more variable than the distribution of females’ IQ scores.
A Hierarchy of Abilities
Charles Spearman (1863–1945) set out to discover if there was a hierarchy of abilities.
Found correlations (though not perfect) among many cognitive tasks
- Confirmatory factor analysis: Statistical technique showed that correlations between scores on different tests are best described by more than one factor
- Two-factor theory of intelligence: Spearman’s theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s)
The Middle-Level Abilities
Middle-level abilities lie between specific and general mental abilities in regards to intelligence as shown by factor analysis
- Memory and learning
- Visual perception
- Auditory perception
- Retrieval ability
- Cognitive speediness
- Processing speed
- Crystallized intelligence
- Fluid intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
The ability to solve and reason about novel problems
Crystalized Intelligence
The ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience
Carroll’s Multi-Factor Definition of Intelligence
Model on slide 13:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/13pxd8f5VZatVNss7UuKnoR6vajLGRC_ME9HFygrL1U8/edit#slide=id.g44c1634807_0_6
Howard Gardner’s View of Multiple Intelligences
Logic Math
Visual-Spatial
Music-Rhythm
Verbal-Linguistic
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal (between)
Intrapersonal (within)
Naturalistic
Social Intelligence
Aka, Emotional intelligence
Not usually viewed as a form of intelligence as we have been talking about
An Autism Spectrum Deficiency
Mindset and Intelligence/Achievement
Carol Dweck looked at high IQ children who perform well and and those who do not (underachievers)
Mindset - Those that believe intelligence is fixed tend to underperform
A growth mindset: intelligence is not fixed, perform at higher levels vs a fixed mindset
Do people who share more genes have more similar IQs?
Examining test score differences between those who share genes but not environments
- Fraternal (dizygotic) twins: Develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm
- Identical (monozygotic) twins: Develop from the splitting of a single egg fertilized by a single sperm
People who share all their genes have similar intelligence test scores, regardless of whether they share environments.
Heritability coefficients for intelligence: 50-80%. (SES is so powerful here)
Genes are not destiny
Intelligence changes over time and raised by education
The Flynn effect refers to the accidental discovery that the average intelligence test score rises about 0.3% every year, as discovered by James Flynn (1934–)
Cross sectional vs Longitudinal studies of intelligence across time and age
Cross sectional - different groups of people at the same point in time - the problem here is that you are comparing age groups who grew up at different periods of time.
Longitudinal - repeated assessments of same people at different time periods. The subjects belong to the same birth cohort. The problem here is that survival may be related to level of intelligence.
Education: School Is Intelligence’s Friend
The correlation between amount of formal education and intelligence is large. Smart people tend to stay in school, and school makes people smarter.
Economics: Poverty Is Intelligence’s Enemy
One of the best predictors of intelligence is wealth (SES).
Being raised in a high SES family can raise IQ 12–18 points.
High-SES families are more likely to provide intellectual stimulation.
Access to education
Stereotype Threat
Mental access to a particular stereotype can have performance consequences on a member of the stereotyped group.
Has been seen in women and in ethnic minorities where stereotypes are generally harmful
The Intelligence Test and Validity
Intelligence test scores correlate with a wide variety of successful life events and accomplishments (validity).
- Predict academic performance, occupational status, job performance, and income
- Correlate with general cognitive ability
Higher intelligence scores correlate with being healthier and living longer.
Intelligence + perseverance or grit) = Achievement
Test Bias, Validity and what can help impact intelligence
Intelligence tests are valid predictors of many outcomes such as income, academic success.
Cultural bias deprives access to resources that impact intelligence test performance.
Breastfeeding raises IQ by 4 points
Preschool and enrichment programs raise IQ by 12 points
Reading regularly to children raises IQ by 6 points
Intelligence matters in job interviews
Studies show that people are fairly good at predicting intelligence in others.
- Experiments include having participants look at photographs and videos.
Interpretations of intelligence are based on physical features, clothing, and behavior, yet none of these matter.
Eye gaze may be the best predictor of intelligence.
- Intelligent people hold eye gaze longer (both when speaking and listening).
Animal Intelligence
The Ladder of Nature View
Frans de Wall
The Nature–Nurture Distinction
Nature and nurture, though separate, have a combined influence on intelligence.
They interact in complex ways.
Genes and environments do not exert an independent influence on intelligence.
There is an unclear distinction between these two.
