Ch 10. Health, Illness, and Health Care

Question 1

the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (WHO)

Answer 1

Health

Question 2

Life Expectancy

Answer 2

an estimate of the average lifetime of people born in a specific year

(2022)
Women = 83.9 years
Men = 79.8

Question 3

the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a given year (3.9/1000 (2023))

Answer 3

Infant Mortality Rate

Question 4

Who tends to have shorter life spans?

Answer 4

• men
• people with lower incomes
• indigenous people

Question 5

Who’s more likely to have disabilities?

Answer 5

• women
• people with lower incomes
• Indigenous people

Question 6

Health is the state of being free from…

Answer 6

illness or injury and can be measured formally or informally

Question 7

much of our physical health is shaped by our social living conditions factors over which…

Answer 7

…individuals have little control.

Question 8

Acute diseases

Answer 8

illnesses that strike suddenly and cause incapacitation and sometimes death (more likely men)

Question 9

Chronic diseases

Answer 9

illnesses that are long-term and that develop gradually or are present from birth (more likely women)

Question 10

a restricted or total lack of ability to perform certain activities

(more likely in older people than younger and most common in pain, flexibility, and mobility-related)

Answer 10

Disability

Question 11

Ableism

Answer 11

prejudice and discrimination against people because of a physical or mental disability

Question 12

Disabled aged 25-64 are more likely to be unemployed than able-bodied, but varies by…

Answer 12

…type of disability and unemployment is declining for those with disabilities

Question 13

Mental Illness is difficult to define and treat and women tend to have…

Answer 13

…mood and anxiety disorders and men substance dependence. Rates are higher among unemployed and Indigenous people.

Question 14

Deinstitutionalization

Answer 14

the practice of discharging patients from mental hospitals, total institutions (places with complete control), into the community, often just moving people to the streets and jails.

Question 15

Mental Disorder

Answer 15

conditions that make everyday life difficult or impossible

Question 16

Mental Health

Answer 16

refers to the state of well-being

Question 17

While everyone will experience changes in their menal health over their lifetime…

Answer 17

…not everyone will experience a mental illness

Question 18

Stats about Mental Illness in Canada

Answer 18

• In any given year, 1 in 5 people in Canada will experience a mental illness
• By age 40, 50% of the population will have had a mental illness
• Major depression (5.4%) and anxiety disorders (4.6%) are among the most common

Question 19

Health moves beyond the absence of illness: a holistic approach to health including…

Answer 19

…physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well-being

Question 20

Income and Income Distribution
Education
Unemployment and Job Security
Employment and Working Conditions
Early Childhood Development
Food Insecurity
Housing
Social Exclusion
Social Safety Network
Health Services
Aboriginal Status
Gender
Race
Disability

Answer 20

Social determinants of health

Question 21

Overall health is linked to the following determinants of health (4)

Answer 21

• income
• housing
• quality education
• family dynamics

Question 22

Having a lower income predisposes people to… (2)

Answer 22

• material (clothing, shelter, food)
• social deprivation (recreational activities, community integration, quality of life)

Question 23

Lack of education is highly concentrated with other SDOH variables such as income, employment security, working conditions

Answer 23

Education as SDOH

Question 24

Unemployment often leads to material and social deprivation, psychological stress, and the adoption of health-threatening coping strategies (or lack of healthy coping strategies)

Answer 24

Employment as SDOH

Question 25

Groups impacted by insecure employment (3)

Answer 25

• women
• new comers
• Indigenous Canadians

Question 26

• Impacts the ability to access a healthy diet
• Increases likelihood of chronic illness
• Groups affected: single female-headed households, children

Answer 26

Food Insecurity of SDOH (3)

Question 27

• Overcrowding allows for the transmission of some illnesses
• Access to clean water and sanitation came to be problem
• Access to amenities, rural dwellers; transportation
• Impact on mental health
• Groups affected: living below the poverty line, Indigenous Canadians

Answer 27

Housing as SDOH

Question 28

• Related to social problems such as educational access and performance
• Looks at levels of powerlessness, hopelessness, and mental health concerns.
• Groups affected: Indigenous, racialized groups, rural dwellers

Answer 28

Social Exclusion as SDOH

Question 29

Functionalist Perspective

Answer 29

Illness is a threat to a functioning society

Sick role: people have rights and responsibilities in addressing their health

Problems come from macro-level changes

Solutions come from incremental changes

Question 30

Conflict

Answer 30

Problems are rooted in the capitalist economy

Medicine is a commodity: Comparisons between the reported health of Americans and Canadians show poor in Canada fare better than the poor in U.S.

Medical-industrial complex: health system and global health-related industries. Drug and other industries control the costs of the system

Challenges to conventional thinking about health

Question 31

Interactionist

Answer 31

Problems are related to how people define the health system, for e.g., it can be labelled a crisis to promote political agendas

Question 32

Feminist

Answer 32

Medicalization: the treating of a person’s condition as an illness. Many of women’s natural conditions, (e.g., pregnancy) have been treated as illnesses

Question 33

Current Issues in the Health Care System (3)

Answer 33

• Accessibility and Wait Times
• Electronic Health Records (Canadian doctors are very far behind other high-income countries)
• Costs of Care

Question 34

1. The development of high-tech medicine and drugs
2. Overspecialization of doctors
3. Over-diagnosing of patients
4. increased demand of health care by consumers

Answer 34

Problems in Canadian Health Care are due to Macrolevel things

Question 35

Iatrogenesis

Answer 35

problems caused by doctors in the health care system

Question 36

1. universal
2. comprehensive
3. portable
4. accessible
5. publicly managed

Answer 36

Five characteristics of the Canadian health care system

Question 37

mental illness

Answer 37

characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning. (GOC)