Ch. 10 - Gender, Sexual Orientation, & Age Inequality Flashcards
What is the “glass escalator” effect?
When men in predominantly female fields still experience gender privilege
What is sex?
The biological/anatomical differences between males and females
What are primary sex characteristics? When do they emerge?
Reproductive genitalia; emerge at birth
What are secondary sex characteristics? When do they emerge?
Body changes caused by increased hormones; emerge during puberty
What does it mean to be “intersexed”?
Born without genitalia that is clearly male or female
What percentage of babies are born intersexed?
About 2%
What does it mean to be “transsexual”?
One’s gender identity is different from their sex assigned at birth
What are “Missing Girls”?
Girls who are aborted or killed due to their gender and a parental preference for boys
What is sexual orientation?
A person’s direction of sexual/emotional interest
What is heterosexism?
A system of bias and discrimination if favor of heterosexuality
What is homophobia?
A fear and hatred of homosexuality
What is gender?
The socially and culturally constructed differences between males and females
What does it mean to be “transgender”?
One’s identity, expression, and behavior does not conform to traditional gender expectations associated with their biological sex
What are gendered institutions?
Institutions constructed by gender relations and whose values reflect concepts of traditional masculinity/femininity
What is gender stratification?
Unequal access to property, prestige, and power based on gender
What is sexism?
The belief that one sex and/or gender is superior to another
What is patriarchy?
When men control institutions and power within a society
Why were hunter-gatherer societies relatively equal?
Both men and women contributed equal importance to food supply and survival
Why are agrarian societies unequal?
Men take sole control over food production; women are left dependent on men to provide
What are some practices that emerged to control women?
Honor killings, genital cutting, feet binding, etc.
Why would cultures develop practices to control women?
Women were expected to be chaste before marriage and loyal during marriage to ensure the legitimacy of their husband’s heir.
What is the gender pay gap?
The difference in men and women’s earnings when controlled for full-time employment
What is sex-segregation?
The concentration of men and women in different jobs
What is the “pink-collar ghetto”?
The concentration of women in relatively few jobs with low prestige and wages
