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AP Psych > Ch 10 > Flashcards

Ch 10 Flashcards

Personality

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1
Q

Personality

A

Psychological qualities that bring
continuity to an individual’s behavior in
different situations and at different times

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2
Q

What Forces Shape Our
Personalities?

A

According to the
psychodynamic, humanistic
and cognitive theories,
personality is a continuously
changing process, shaped by
our internal needs and
cognitions and by external
pressures from the social
environment

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3
Q

Psychodynamic Theories/ Psychoanalysis–

A

Psychoanalysis–
Freud’s system of treatment for mental
disorders

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4
Q

Psychoanalytic theory –

A

Freud’s theory of personality

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5
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory/ Unconscious –

A

Psychic domain of which the individual is
not aware, but which is the storehouse of
repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts
that are unavailable to consciousness

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6
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory/ Drives and instincts/ EROS

A

Drives people toward
acts that are sexual,
life-giving, and
creative

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7
Q

LIBIDO

A

Drives people to
experience sensual
pleasure

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8
Q

THANATOS

A

Drives people toward
aggressive and
destructive behaviors

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9
Q

Freud’s Model of the Mind

A

Conscious level
Ego
superego——–preconscious level
ID ——-Unconscious level

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10
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory/ Personality structure- ID

A

Primitive, unconscious
portion of personality,
houses most basic
drives and stores
repressed memories

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11
Q

Superego

A

Mind’s storehouse of
values, moral attitudes
learned from parents
and society, same as
common notion of
conscience

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12
Q

Ego

A

Conscious, rational
part of personality,
charged with keeping
peace between
superego and id

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13
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory/ Psychosexual stages –

A

Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency, genital stage

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14
Q

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory/ Fixation-

A

Occurs when psychosexual development
is arrested at an immature stage

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15
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory/ Oedipus complex

A

According to Freud, a largely
unconscious process whereby boys
displace an erotic attraction toward their
mother to females of their
own age and, at the same
time, identify with their
fathers

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16
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Identification –

A

The mental process by which an
individual tries to become like another
person, especially the
same-sex parent

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17
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory/ Penis envy–

A

According to Freud, the female desire to
have a penis– a condition that usually
results in their attraction
to males

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18
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory/ Ego defense mechanisms –

A

Largely unconscious mental strategies
employed to reduce the experience of
conflict or anxiety

Repression

Projection

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19
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory/ Projective tests –

A

Personality assessment instruments
based on Freud’s concept of projection

Rorschach inkblot technique

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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20
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory/ Psychic determinism –

A

Freud’s assumption that all mental and
behavioral reactions are caused by
unconscious traumas desires or conflicts

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21
Q

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious/ Personal unconscious –

A

Portion of the unconscious corresponding
roughly to Freud’s id

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22
Q

Collective unconscious –

A

Jung’s addition to the unconscious,
involving a reservoir for instinctive
“memories” including the archetypes,
which exist in all people

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23
Q

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious/ Archetypes/ Animus-

A

The male archetype

24
Q

Anima

A

The female archetype

25
Q

Shadow

A

Archetype
representing the
destructive and
aggressive tendencies
we don’t want to
recognize in ourselves

26
Q

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious/ Introversion

A

The Jungian dimension that focuses on
inner experience–one’s own thoughts
and feelings, making the introvert less
outgoing and sociable than the extrovert

27
Q

Extraversion –

A

The Jungian personality
dimension involving turning
one’s attention outward,
toward others

28
Q

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious

A

Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each
personality as a balance between
opposing pairs of unconscious
tendencies, such as introversion and
extroversion

29
Q

Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in
Psychodynamic Psychology Basic anxiety-

A

An emotion that gives a sense of
uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile
world and can lead to maladjustment

30
Q

Neurotic needs –

A

Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory,
these ten needs are normal desires
carried to a neurotic extreme

31
Q

Alfred Adler/ An early split from Psychoanalysis/ Inferiority complex –

A

A feeling of inferiority that is largely
unconscious, with it roots in childhood

32
Q

Compensation –

A

Making up for one’s real or imagined
deficiencies

33
Q

Humanistic Theories include

A

Gordon Allport’s trait theory

Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing personality

Carl Roger’s fully functioning person

34
Q

Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of
Humanistic/ Traits –

A

Stable personality characteristics that are
presumed to exist within the individual
and guide his or her thoughts and actions
under various conditions

Central traits form the basis of personality

Secondary traits include preferences and
attitudes

Cardinal traits define peoples lives

35
Q

Abraham Maslow and the Healthy
Personality/ Self-actualizing personalities –

A

Healthy individuals who have met their
basic needs and are free to be creative
and fulfill their potentials

36
Q

Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning
Person/ Fully functioning person –

A

Term for a healthy, self-actualizing
individual, who has a self-concept that is
both positive and congruent with reality

37
Q

Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning
Person/ Phenomenal field –

A

Our psychological reality, composed of
one’s perceptions and feelings

38
Q

Unconditional positive regard –

A

Love or caring without conditions
attached

39
Q

Evaluating Humanistic Theories/ Positive psychology –

A

Movement within psychology focusing on
the desirable aspects of human
functioning, as opposed to an emphasis
on psychopathology

40
Q

Cognitive Theories:
Social Learning and Personality/ Observational learning –

A

Process of learning new responses by
watching the behavior of others

41
Q

Reciprocal determinism –

A

Process in which the person, situation
and environment mutually influence each
other

42
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Environment
||
Cognition
||
Behavior

43
Q

Locus of Control

A

An individual’s sense of where his or her
life influences originate

44
Q

Current Trends in Personality Theory

A

Family systems theory

Cultural differences

Gender influences

45
Q

What Persistent Patterns are
Found in Personality?

A

Another approach describes
personality in terms of stable
patterns known as
temperaments, traits, and
types

46
Q

What Patterns are Found in
Personality? Humors –

A

Four bodily fluids that, according to
ancient theory, control personality by
their relative abundance
Blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile

47
Q

Personality and Temperament/ Temperament –

A

Basic, pervasive personality dispositions
that are apparent in early childhood and
establish the tempo and mood of an
individual’s behaviors

48
Q

Patterns in Personality/ The “Big Five” traits

A

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

49
Q

Patterns in Personality/ Type –

A

Especially important dimensions or
clusters of traits that are not only central
to a person’s personality but are found
with essentially the same pattern in many
people

50
Q

Assessing Traits

A

NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI-2)

Reliability and validity are important
attributes of good psychological tests

51
Q

Traits and the Person-Situation
Debate/ Person-situation controversy –

A

Theoretical dispute concerning the
relative contribution of personality factors
and situational factors in controlling
behavior

52
Q

What “Theories” Do
People Use to
Understand Each Other?

A

People everywhere develop
implicit assumptions (“folk
theories”) about personality,
but these assumptions vary
in important ways across
cultures

53
Q

Implicit Personality Theories/ Implicit personality theories –

A

Assumptions about personality that are
held by people to simplify the task of
understanding others

54
Q

Fundamental attribution error –

A

Assumption that another person’s
behavior (especially undesirable
behavior) is the result of a flaw in the
personality, rather than in the situation

55
Q

Personality Across Cultures

A

Assumptions people make vary widely across
cultures–depending especially on whether the
culture emphasizes individualism or
collectivism
Other cultural differences involve

Status of different age groups and sexes

Romantic love

Stoicism

Locus of control

Thinking vs. feeling

Attribution

AP Psych (3 decks)

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