AP Psych ch 13

Question 1

What is Therapy?

Answer 1

Therapy for psychological
disorders takes a variety of
forms, but all involve some
relationship focused on
improving a person’s mental,
behavioral, or social
functioning

Question 2

What is Therapy?

Answer 2

General term for any treatment process;
in psychology and psychiatry, therapy
refers to a variety of psychological and
biomedical techniques aimed at dealing
with mental disorders or coping with
problems of living

Question 3

The Components of Therapy

Answer 3

In addition to the relationship between the
therapist and the patient/client, the
therapeutic process typically involves
some or all of the following processes:

Identifying the problem

Identifying the cause of the problem or the
conditions that maintain the problem

Deciding on and carrying out some form of
treatment

Question 4

Contemporary Approaches to Therapy

Answer 4

Psychological therapies –
Based on psychological principles (rather
than biomedical approach)

The psychological therapies
are often collectively
called psychotherapy

Question 5

Contemporary Approaches to Therapy

Answer 5

Biomedical therapies –
Treatments that focus on altering the
brain, especially with drugs,
psychosurgery, or electroconvulsive
therapy

Question 6

Types of Mental Health Care
Professionals

Answer 6

Counseling psychologist, clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, psychiatric nurse practitioner, clinical social worker, pastoral counselor.

Question 7

Professional Title / Counseling psychiatrist

Answer 7

Specialty: Problems of
normal living

Work setting: Schools, clinics,
other institutions

Credentials: Master’s in
counseling, PhD,
EdD, or PsyD

Question 8

Clinical psychologist

Answer 8

Specialty: Those with severe
disorders

Work setting: Private practice,
mental health
agencies,
hospitals

Credentials: PhD or PsyD

Question 9

Psychiatrist

Answer 9

Specialty: Severe mental
disorders (often
by means of drug
therapies)

Work setting: Private practice,
clinics, hospitals

Credentials: MD

Question 10

Psychoanalyst

Answer 10

Specialty: Freudian therapy

Work setting: Private practice

Credentials: MD

Question 11

Psychiatric nurse practitioner

Answer 11

Specialty: Nursing specialty;
licensed to
prescribe drugs

Work setting: Private practice,
clinics, hospitals

Credentials: RN – plus special
training in treating
mental disorders
and prescribing
drugs

Question 12

Clinical social worker

Answer 12

Specialty: Social worker with
specialty in
dealing with
mental disorders

Work setting: Often employed
by government

Credentials: MSW

Question 13

Pastoral counselor

Answer 13

Specialty: Combines
spiritual guidance
with practical
counseling

Work setting: Religious order or
ministry

Credentials: Varies

Question 14

How Do Psychologists
Treat Mental Disorders?

Answer 14

Psychologists employ two
main forms of treatment:
the insight therapies
and the behavioral therapies

Question 15

Insight Therapies

Answer 15

Psychotherapies in which the therapist
helps patients/clients understand (gain
insight into) their problems
Freudian psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, group therapies, neo-freudian therapies, cognitive therapies.

Question 16

Insight Therapies/ Talk therapies-

Answer 16

Psychotherapies that focus on
communicating and verbalizing emotions
and motives to understand their behavior

Question 17

Psychodynamic therapies

Answer 17

Insight therapies based on the
assumption that mental disorder is
caused by powerful (dynamic) mental
forces and conflicts

Question 19

Insight Therapies:
Psychodynamic Therapies Psychoanalysis –

Answer 19

Psychoanalysis –
The form of psychodynamic therapy
developed by Sigmund Freud, Analysis of transference –
Analyzing and interpreting the patient’s
relationship with the therapist, based on the
assumption that this relationship mirrors
unresolved conflicts in the patient’s past

Question 20

Insight Therapies:
Psychodynamic Therapies

Answer 20

Neo-Freudian psychodynamic therapies –
Therapies developed by psychodynamic
theorists who embraced some of Freud’s
ideas, but disagreed with others

Question 21

Insight Therapies:
Humanistic therapies

Answer 21

Humanistic therapies –
Techniques based on the assumption that
people have a tendency for positive growth and
self actualization, which may be blocked by an
unhealthy environment

Client-centered therapy –
Emphasizes healthy psychological growth
through self-actualization

Reflection of feeling –
Paraphrasing client’s words to capture the emotional
tone expressed

Question 22

Cognitive therapies

Answer 22

Cognitive therapy –
Emphasizes rational thinking as the key
to treating mental disorder

Cognitive therapy for depression involves

Evaluating evidence

Situational factors

Alternative solutions

Question 23

Group therapies

Answer 23

Group therapy –
Psychotherapy with more than one client

Self-help support groups –
Groups that provide social support and
an opportunity for sharing ideas about
dealing with common problems; typically
organized/run by laypersons (not
professional therapists)

Question 24

Group therapies

Answer 24

For many issues, couples counseling or
family therapy can often be more
effective than individual therapy with one
individual at a time

Question 25

Behavior Therapies

Answer 25

Behavior therapy – Any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, contingency management, participant modeling, aversion therapy, token economies.

Question 26

Classical conditioning therapies- Systematic desensitization

Answer 26

Technique in which anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to an anxiety-provoking stimulus

Question 27

Exposure therapy

Answer 27

Desensitization therapy in which patient directly confronts the anxiety-provoking stimulus (as opposed to imagining it)

Question 28

Classical Conditioning Therapies/ Aversion therapy –

Answer 28

Involves presenting individuals with an attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant stimulation in order to condition a repulsive reaction

Question 29

Operant Conditioning Therapies/ Contingency management –

Answer 29

Approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior

Question 30

Operant Conditioning Therapies/ Token economies–

Answer 30

Applied to groups (e.g. classrooms, mental hospital wards) involving distribution of “tokens” contingent on desired behaviors; tokens can later be exchanged for privileges, food, or other reinforcers

Question 31

Participant Modeling: An Observational-Learning Therapy / Participant modeling –

Answer 31

Therapist demonstrates and encourages a client to imitate a desired behavior

Question 32

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: A Synthesis/ Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 32

Combines cognitive emphasis on thoughts with behavioral strategies that alter reinforcement contingencies Assumes irrational self-statements cause maladaptive behavior Seeks to help the the client develop a sense of self-efficacy

Question 33

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: A Synthesis/ Rational-emotive behavior therapy –

Answer 33

Based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders (REBT)

Question 34

Evaluating the Psychological Therapies

Answer 34

Eysenck proposed that people with non-psychotic problems recover just as well with or without therapy Reviews of evidence have shown: That therapy is better than no therapy It appears advantageous to match specific therapies with specific conditions

Question 35

Mental "First aid"

Answer 35

If someone asks you for help, keep in mind that serious problems (especially those involving suicide or threats) require immediate professional treatment Otherwise, your best tools may involve: Listening Acceptance Exploring alternatives

Question 36

How Is the Biomedical Approach Used to Treat Mental Disorders?

Answer 36

Biomedical therapies seek to treat mental disorders by changing the brain’s chemistry with drugs, its circuitry with surgery, or its patterns of activity with pulses of electricity or powerful magnetic fields

Question 37

Drug Therapy/ Psychopharmacology –

Answer 37

The prescribed use of drugs to help treat symptoms of mental illness ostensibly to ensure that individuals are more receptive to talk therapies

Question 38

Drug Therapy/ Antipsychotic drugs

Answer 38

Include chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and clozapine Usually affect dopamine pathways May have side effects

Question 39

Tardive dyskinesia –

Answer 39

Incurable disorder of motor control resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs

Question 40

Antidepressants and mood stabilizers

Answer 40

Include Prozac, monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors, and lithium carbonate (effective against bipolar disorder) Treat depression and bipolar disorder Usually affect serotonin and/or norepinephrine The use of antidepressants to deal with general feelings of unease is highly controversial

Question 41

Antianxiety drugs

Answer 41

Include barbiturates and benzodiazepines May include some antidepressant drugs which work on certain anxiety disorders Should not be used to relieve ordinary anxieties of everyday life Should not be taken for more than a few days at a time Should not be combined with alcohol

Question 42

Stimulants

Answer 42

Stimulants suppress activity level in persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) There is controversy from concern that the causes and boundaries of ADHD are vague and the potential exists for overdiagnosis

Question 43

Psychosurgery

Answer 43

The general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders The infamous prefrontal lobotomy is no longer performed Severing the corpus callosum, however, can reduce life-threatening seizures

Question 44

Brain-Stimulation Therapies

Answer 44

Electroconvulsive therapy is used for the treatment of severe depression Transcranial magnetic stimulation, a possible alternative to ECT, can also be used for the treatment of depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder

Question 45

Hospitalization and the Alternatives/ Therapeutic community

Answer 45

Program of treating mental disorder by making the institutional environment supportive and humane for patients

Question 46

Deinstitutionalization –

Answer 46

Policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals

Question 47

Community mental health movement –

Answer 47

Effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics