Ch. 10 & 11 Traditions, Design, Data Flashcards
5 Characteristics of qualitative research design
- flexible
- mergence of various data collection strategies
- holistic
- long research involvement
- ongoing data analysis
What does it mean when qualitative research is “non-experimental”
develop a rich understanding of a phenomenon as it exists and as it is constructed by individuals within their own context.
What does it mean when qualitative research has “no plan for group comparisons”
Thoroughly describe or explain a phenomenon
Design features take place in a ____ setting.
Naturalistic
True or false: qualitative design features are cross sectional or longitudinal, retrospective.
TRUE
Design features describe and explain phenomena by
revealing patterns and processes that suggest causal relationships
6 traditions in qualitative designs
- Disciplinary traditions
- Anthropology
- Psychology
- Philosophy
- Sociology
- History
____ involves the description and interpretation of a culture and cultural behavior.
Ethnography
____ refers to the way a group of people live—the patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures (for example, the values and norms) that give such activity significance.
Culture
Ethnographies typically involve extensive _____, during which the researcher will observe and record the words, actions, and products of members of a group.
field work
Ethnography is developed within the ____ discipline
anthropology
Ethnography provides a ___ view of culture
holistic
Ethnographic research sometimes concerns broadly defined cultures called ____
macro-ethnography
Ethnographies sometimes focuses more narrowly on defined cultures with small units in a group or culture called ____
micro-ethnography
To understand members of a “insiders” cultural group world view
emic
To understand “outsiders” interpretation of a cultural group world view
etic
What is the type of data collected in ethnographic research?
behavior, speech, and artifacts (clothing, eating, utensils, art, music, stories)
self-study during ethnographic research
auto-ethnography or insider research
the study and analysis of the local or indigenous people’s viewpoints, beliefs, and practices about nursing care behavior and processes of designated cultures
ethnonursing by Madeline Leininger
is an approach to exploring and understanding people’s everyday life experiences
phenomenology by Husseri and Heidegger
“What is theessenceof this phenomenon as experienced by these people and what does itmean?” is a question asked by which researcher?
Phenomologic
The topics appropriate to phenomenology are ones that are fundamental to the life experiences of humans, such as the meaning of suffering or the quality of life with chronic pain.
4 aspect of phenomenology
lived space, lived body, lived time, live human relation
The phrase_____ is a concept that acknowledges people’s physical ties to their world—they think, see, hear, feel, and are conscious through their bodies’ interaction with the world.
being-in-the-world(orembodiment)
What is the type of data collected in phenomenolgic research?
in-depth conversations
What are the 2 school of thoughts of phenomenology?
Descriptive and interpretieve
Describe descriptive phenomenology
“What we know as persons”
Descriptive phenomenologists insist on the careful portrayal of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life—a depiction of “things” as people experience them. These “things” include hearing, seeing, believing, feeling, remembering, deciding, and evaluating. This type of inquiry requires bracketing, or the researcher removing his or her own ideas about the phenomenon in order to be objective. Any interpretation that occurs comes from the interpretive statements of the participants. For example, our great cookie experiment included questions about the experience of eating a cookie. You used words like soft, sweet, or crunchy to simply describe eating the cookie; you might also have said it made you feel happy, or that it was pleasant. It was just a pure description of the experience of eating the cookie.
Describe interpretive phenomenology
“What is being?”
This requires interpreting and understanding—not just describing—human experience. The goals of interpretive phenomenological research are to enter another’s world and to discover the wisdom and understandings found there.
Using an interpretive process as a circular relationship known as thehermeneutic circlewhere one understands the whole. Researchers continually question the meanings of the text, not just the descriptions in the text. In an interpretive phenomenologic study, bracketing does not occur. Interpretive phenomenology assumes that it is not possible to bracket one’s being-in-the-world, and presupposes prior understanding on the part of the researcher; and the researcher freely uses his or her own understanding to interpret and assign meaning to the data. In the great cookie experiment, if I asked questions about how eating the cookie made you feel, you might have said things like, “It makes me feel safe and secure because it reminded me of being a child at my grandmother’s house”; or “I feel guilty eating cookies because I know they aren’t good for me.” I might then develop an interpretation of that data, assigning deeper meaning to the experience of eating cookies beyond simply the description of eating the cookie, or beyond your interpretation of safety or guilt. I might develop an interpretation of how eating a cookie represents the fundamental experience of childhood…
Interpretive phenomenologists sometimes augment their understandings of the phenomenon through an analysis of supplementary texts, such as novels, poetry, or other artistic expressions—or they use such materials in their conversations with study participants.
Define hermeneutics
interpreting the meaning of a phenomenon
Define grounded theory
tries to account for people’s actions from the perspective of those involved. Grounded theory researchers seek to discover a main concern, issue, or problem and the basic social process that explains how people resolve it. Grounded theory researchers generate conceptual categories and integrate them into a substantive theory grounded in the data.
Grounded theory is developed from discipline of ____
sociology
In grounded theory, a procedure called _______ is used to develop and refine theoretically relevant concepts and categories.
constant comparison
Define historical research
developed from the discipline of history and the discovery of new knowledge
How is historical research collected?
written records, visual materials, interviews
_____ are in-depth investigations of a single entity or small number of entities.
case studies
Case study researchers attempt to analyze and understand issues that are important to the history, development, or circumstances of the entity under study.
____ focuses onstoryas the object of inquiry, to understand how individuals make sense of events in their lives.
Narrative analysis
The underlying premise of narrative research is that people most effectively make sense of their world—and communicate these meanings—by constructing and narrating stories.
________ is concerned with a critique of society and with envisioning new possibilities.
Critical researcher
The aim of most qualitative studies is to discover ____ and to uncover multiple realities, not to generalize to a target population
meaning
Qualitative researchers often being with a convenience sample also called a ______
volunteer sample
Qualitative researchers also use_____ (ornetwork sampling), asking early informants to make referrals for other participants.
snowball sampling
weakness - may result in small network of acquintances
This sampling deliberately chooses cases or types of cases that best contribute to the study
purposive or purposeful
This sampling involves decisions about what data to collect next and where to find those data to develop an emerging theory optimally.
Theoretical - grounded theory
basic question in theoretical sampling is: What groups or subgroups should the researcher turn to next?
Theoretical sampling is not the same as purposive sampling. The objective of theoretical sampling is to discover categories and their properties and to offer new insights into interrelationships.
When no new information is attained and redundancy is achieved
Data saturation
In ethnographic research,. they heavily rly on a smaller number of group members called _____ who are highly knowledgable about the culture. They are the main to the “inside”
key informants
2 principles guiding the selection of a sample for a phenomenological study
(1) all participants must have experienced the phenomenon and (2) they must be able to articulate what it is like to have lived that experience.
quality and sufficiency of data yielding a rich description
adequacy
methods used to select the sample
appropriateness
transferability of study findings
thick description of the sample
