Ch. 10 & 11 Traditions, Design, Data

Question 1

5 Characteristics of qualitative research design

Answer 1

• flexible
• mergence of various data collection strategies
• holistic
• long research involvement
• ongoing data analysis

Question 2

What does it mean when qualitative research is “non-experimental”

Answer 2

develop a rich understanding of a phenomenon as it exists and as it is constructed by individuals within their own context.

Question 3

What does it mean when qualitative research has “no plan for group comparisons”

Answer 3

Thoroughly describe or explain a phenomenon

Question 4

Design features take place in a ____ setting.

Answer 4

Naturalistic

Question 5

True or false: qualitative design features are cross sectional or longitudinal, retrospective.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

Design features describe and explain phenomena by

Answer 6

revealing patterns and processes that suggest causal relationships

Question 7

6 traditions in qualitative designs

Answer 7

• Disciplinary traditions
• Anthropology
• Psychology
• Philosophy
• Sociology
• History

Question 8

____ involves the description and interpretation of a culture and cultural behavior.

Answer 8

Ethnography

Question 9

____ refers to the way a group of people live—the patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures (for example, the values and norms) that give such activity significance.

Answer 9

Culture

Question 10

Ethnographies typically involve extensive _____, during which the researcher will observe and record the words, actions, and products of members of a group.

Answer 10

field work

Question 11

Ethnography is developed within the ____ discipline

Answer 11

anthropology

Question 12

Ethnography provides a ___ view of culture

Answer 12

holistic

Question 13

Ethnographic research sometimes concerns broadly defined cultures called ____

Answer 13

macro-ethnography

Question 14

Ethnographies sometimes focuses more narrowly on defined cultures with small units in a group or culture called ____

Answer 14

micro-ethnography

Question 15

To understand members of a “insiders” cultural group world view

Answer 15

emic

Question 16

To understand “outsiders” interpretation of a cultural group world view

Answer 16

etic

Question 17

What is the type of data collected in ethnographic research?

Answer 17

behavior, speech, and artifacts (clothing, eating, utensils, art, music, stories)

Question 18

self-study during ethnographic research

Answer 18

auto-ethnography or insider research

Question 19

the study and analysis of the local or indigenous people’s viewpoints, beliefs, and practices about nursing care behavior and processes of designated cultures

Answer 19

ethnonursing by Madeline Leininger

Question 20

is an approach to exploring and understanding people’s everyday life experiences

Answer 20

phenomenology by Husseri and Heidegger

Question 21

“What is theessenceof this phenomenon as experienced by these people and what does itmean?” is a question asked by which researcher?

Answer 21

Phenomologic

The topics appropriate to phenomenology are ones that are fundamental to the life experiences of humans, such as the meaning of suffering or the quality of life with chronic pain.

Question 22

4 aspect of phenomenology

Answer 22

lived space, lived body, lived time, live human relation

Question 23

The phrase_____ is a concept that acknowledges people’s physical ties to their world—they think, see, hear, feel, and are conscious through their bodies’ interaction with the world.

Answer 23

being-in-the-world(orembodiment)

Question 24

What is the type of data collected in phenomenolgic research?

Answer 24

in-depth conversations

Question 25

What are the 2 school of thoughts of phenomenology?

Answer 25

Descriptive and interpretieve

Question 26

Describe descriptive phenomenology

Answer 26

"What we know as persons" Descriptive phenomenologists insist on the careful portrayal of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life—a depiction of “things” as people experience them. These “things” include hearing, seeing, believing, feeling, remembering, deciding, and evaluating. This type of inquiry requires bracketing, or the researcher removing his or her own ideas about the phenomenon in order to be objective. Any interpretation that occurs comes from the interpretive statements of the participants. For example, our great cookie experiment included questions about the experience of eating a cookie. You used words like soft, sweet, or crunchy to simply describe eating the cookie; you might also have said it made you feel happy, or that it was pleasant. It was just a pure description of the experience of eating the cookie.

Question 27

Describe interpretive phenomenology

Answer 27

"What is being?" This requires interpreting and understanding—not just describing—human experience. The goals of interpretive phenomenological research are to enter another’s world and to discover the wisdom and understandings found there. Using an interpretive process as a circular relationship known as the hermeneutic circle where one understands the whole. Researchers continually question the meanings of the text, not just the descriptions in the text. In an interpretive phenomenologic study, bracketing does not occur. Interpretive phenomenology assumes that it is not possible to bracket one’s being-in-the-world, and presupposes prior understanding on the part of the researcher; and the researcher freely uses his or her own understanding to interpret and assign meaning to the data. In the great cookie experiment, if I asked questions about how eating the cookie made you feel, you might have said things like, “It makes me feel safe and secure because it reminded me of being a child at my grandmother’s house”; or “I feel guilty eating cookies because I know they aren’t good for me.” I might then develop an interpretation of that data, assigning deeper meaning to the experience of eating cookies beyond simply the description of eating the cookie, or beyond your interpretation of safety or guilt. I might develop an interpretation of how eating a cookie represents the fundamental experience of childhood… Interpretive phenomenologists sometimes augment their understandings of the phenomenon through an analysis of supplementary texts, such as novels, poetry, or other artistic expressions—or they use such materials in their conversations with study participants.

Question 28

Define hermeneutics

Answer 28

interpreting the meaning of a phenomenon

Question 29

Define grounded theory

Answer 29

tries to account for people’s actions from the perspective of those involved. Grounded theory researchers seek to discover a main concern, issue, or problem and the basic social process that explains how people resolve it. Grounded theory researchers generate conceptual categories and integrate them into a substantive theory grounded in the data.

Question 30

Grounded theory is developed from discipline of ____

Answer 30

sociology

Question 31

In grounded theory, a procedure called _______ is used to develop and refine theoretically relevant concepts and categories.

Answer 31

constant comparison

Question 32

Define historical research

Answer 32

developed from the discipline of history and the discovery of new knowledge

Question 33

How is historical research collected?

Answer 33

written records, visual materials, interviews

Question 34

_____ are in-depth investigations of a single entity or small number of entities.

Answer 34

case studies Case study researchers attempt to analyze and understand issues that are important to the history, development, or circumstances of the entity under study.

Question 35

____ focuses on story as the object of inquiry, to understand how individuals make sense of events in their lives.

Answer 35

Narrative analysis The underlying premise of narrative research is that people most effectively make sense of their world—and communicate these meanings—by constructing and narrating stories. 

Question 36

________ is concerned with a critique of society and with envisioning new possibilities.

Answer 36

Critical researcher

Question 37

The aim of most qualitative studies is to discover ____ and to uncover multiple realities, not to generalize to a target population

Answer 37

meaning

Question 38

Qualitative researchers often being with a convenience sample also called a ______

Answer 38

volunteer sample

Question 39

Qualitative researchers also use _____ (or network sampling), asking early informants to make referrals for other participants.

Answer 39

snowball sampling  weakness - may result in small network of acquintances

Question 40

This sampling deliberately chooses cases or types of cases that best contribute to the study

Answer 40

purposive or purposeful

Question 41

This sampling involves decisions about what data to collect next and where to find those data to develop an emerging theory optimally.

Answer 41

Theoretical - grounded theory basic question in theoretical sampling is: What groups or subgroups should the researcher turn to next? Theoretical sampling is not the same as purposive sampling. The objective of theoretical sampling is to discover categories and their properties and to offer new insights into interrelationships.

Question 42

When no new information is attained and redundancy is achieved

Answer 42

Data saturation

Question 43

In ethnographic research,. they heavily rly on a smaller number of group members called _____ who are highly knowledgable about the culture. They are the main to the "inside"

Answer 43

key informants

Question 44

2 principles guiding the selection of a sample for a phenomenological study

Answer 44

(1) all participants must have experienced the phenomenon and (2) they must be able to articulate what it is like to have lived that experience.

Question 45

quality and sufficiency of data yielding a rich description

Answer 45

adequacy

Question 46

methods used to select the sample

Answer 46

appropriateness

Question 47

transferability of study findings

Answer 47

thick description of the sample