Ch. 1. Tree Biology and Pruning

Question 0

These anchor the tree and absorb water and essential nutrients from the soil, transports materials to the trunk and store starch reserves.

Answer 0

Roots

Question 1

Woody, compartmentalizing, long lived perennial plants that grow a few to many feet on a single stem.

Answer 1

Trees

Question 2

Water-and nutrient-conducting tissue of the stem

Answer 2

Xylem

Question 3

_______the organs that make food for the tree via the process___________.

Answer 3

Leaves & Photosynthesis

Question 4

The green light absorbing pigment is

Answer 4

Chloroplast or chlorophyll

Question 5

The sugar product of photosynthesis is___________ or ______________.

Answer 5

Photosynthate or Carbohydrate

Question 6

The tree parts that use and/or store more photosynthate than they produce

Answer 6

Sinks

Question 7

Photosynthates are transported downward throughout the tree via the______ or inner bark and inward from the phloem to the xylem via the ______ ________.

Answer 7

Phloem, wood rays

Question 8

Nitrogen, potassium, sulfur, and iron are?

Answer 8

Essential elements absorbed by roots

Question 9

Water, minerals, and macronutrients enter via the roots by a passive process called________. This means water passes from an area of high potential to an area of lower potential

Answer 9

Osmosis

Question 10

The evaporation of waterfront plants

Answer 10

Transpiration

Question 11

Trees have the unique ability to form a _______ _______ which limits the spread of decay

Answer 11

Reaction Zone

Question 12

A model for the production of the reaction zones is called?

Answer 12

CODIT

Question 13

In the CODIT model, the tree forms four barrier walls, they are?

Answer 13

Vertical wall, Horizontal wall, Lateral or radial wall, barrier zone

Question 14

Removing branches for defined reasons

Answer 14

Pruning

Question 15

Generally, all pruning should be done in accordance with ___________

Answer 15

ANSI A300-2001 part 1

Question 16

British Standards Institution has ________ recommendations for tree work.

Answer 16

BS3998

Question 17

In general terms, ________________ is performed to keep trees from ___________.

Answer 17

Utility line-clearance pruning, over-head power lines

Question 18

Branches should be cut back to an existing branch or stem (_____) that is large enough to assume _______ dominance and support the remaining stem.

Answer 18

Node, Apical

Question 19

_____ and ______ cuts are examples of _____ ______.

Answer 19

Drop-crotch, thinning, nodal cuts

Question 20

Cutting of branches to stubs or laterals that are too small to assume the terminal role is?

Answer 20

Topping or Heading

Question 21

_________is a form of internodal pruning that is used in the United States but is more common in Europe. It is used to maintain a small crown in a confined space.

Answer 21

Pollarding

Question 22

The correct anatomical location for removing a branch at its point of origin is close to the trunk or pure branch, without cutting into the_______ or the ________, and without leaving a stub.

Answer 22

Branch bark ridge or the branch collar

Question 23

_____________do not accelerate wound closure, protect against insects and diseases and reduce decay.

Answer 23

Wound dressings

Question 24

Growth after pruning takes place on fewer shoots, so unpruned parts tend to grow more than they would have without pruning. This is called?

Answer 24

Shoot invigoration

Question 25

As a general rule, pruning cuts should not exceed _______of the diameter of the parent stem.

Answer 25

1/3

Question 26

______________means that branches are cut in such a way as to direct their future growth away from the conductors as much as possible.

Answer 26

Directional pruning

Question 27

______________removes the main leader or leaders to a lower lateral branch no less than one third the diameter of the original limb.

Answer 27

Crown reduction

Question 28

___________Removes branches on the conductor side of the tree to direct future growth away from the line.

Answer 28

Side pruning

Question 29

This pruning technique is used for trees located directly beneath power lines and leaves no overhang above the conductors.

Answer 29

V-pruning

Question 30

Remember, however, that for mature trees, no more than _____of the crown or _______of the foliage on the single branch being cut to a lateral, should be removed within a growing season.

Answer 30

1/4 and 1/4

Question 31

Suggestions have been made that 90% of the time the removal of three branches produces the majority of the clearance required. This term is called?

Answer 31

90-3-90

Question 32

Trees make carbohydrates through a process known as______, which they use to grow and respond to wounds.

Answer 32

Photosynthesis

Question 33

Carbohydrates are transported down tree branches and trunks through the_______ & across dams and trunks through the________.

Answer 33

Phloem and rays

Question 34

In the United States, pruning should be conducted according to ANSI______.

Answer 34

A300

Question 35

Utility pruning removes leaves and reduces a trees______ growth, but remaining shoots may grow______.

Answer 35

Overall and more

Question 36

Utility pruning is primarily conducted to provide _______from power lines.

Answer 36

Clearance

Question 37

Utility pruning should use______ and _______pruning principles.

Answer 37

Natural and targeted

Question 38

When pruning near conductors, ________branches can be left in place, depending on tree species and climatic conditions.

Answer 38

Overhanging

Question 39

A pruning _______should be based on tree growth rates.

Answer 39

Cycle

Question 40

Tree growth regulators can be used to reduce ______and lengthen the time between______.

Answer 40

Growth, cycles

Question 41

Which pruning style is most effective in preventing regrowth when pruning hardwoods?

Answer 41

Crown reduction

Question 42

Wound dressings are effective when?

Answer 42

Never

Question 43

Sprout growth following pruning usually comes from ____buds.

Answer 43

Adventitious

Question 44

Directional pruning is the best approach for line clearance because it:

Answer 44

Encourages growth away from the conductors

Question 45

Clearance for decurrent hardwoods growing directly under conductors is best obtained by:

Answer 45

Crown reduction