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ISA Utility Specialist > Ch. 1. Tree Biology and Pruning > Flashcards

Ch. 1. Tree Biology and Pruning Flashcards

0
Q

These anchor the tree and absorb water and essential nutrients from the soil, transports materials to the trunk and store starch reserves.

A

Roots

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1
Q

Woody, compartmentalizing, long lived perennial plants that grow a few to many feet on a single stem.

A

Trees

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2
Q

Water-and nutrient-conducting tissue of the stem

A

Xylem

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3
Q

_______the organs that make food for the tree via the process___________.

A

Leaves & Photosynthesis

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4
Q

The green light absorbing pigment is

A

Chloroplast or chlorophyll

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5
Q

The sugar product of photosynthesis is___________ or ______________.

A

Photosynthate or Carbohydrate

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6
Q

The tree parts that use and/or store more photosynthate than they produce

A

Sinks

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7
Q

Photosynthates are transported downward throughout the tree via the______ or inner bark and inward from the phloem to the xylem via the ______ ________.

A

Phloem, wood rays

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8
Q

Nitrogen, potassium, sulfur, and iron are?

A

Essential elements absorbed by roots

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9
Q

Water, minerals, and macronutrients enter via the roots by a passive process called________. This means water passes from an area of high potential to an area of lower potential

A

Osmosis

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10
Q

The evaporation of waterfront plants

A

Transpiration

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11
Q

Trees have the unique ability to form a _______ _______ which limits the spread of decay

A

Reaction Zone

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12
Q

A model for the production of the reaction zones is called?

A

CODIT

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13
Q

In the CODIT model, the tree forms four barrier walls, they are?

A

Vertical wall, Horizontal wall, Lateral or radial wall, barrier zone

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14
Q

Removing branches for defined reasons

A

Pruning

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15
Q

Generally, all pruning should be done in accordance with ___________

A

ANSI A300-2001 part 1

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16
Q

British Standards Institution has ________ recommendations for tree work.

A

BS3998

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17
Q

In general terms, ________________ is performed to keep trees from ___________.

A

Utility line-clearance pruning, over-head power lines

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18
Q

Branches should be cut back to an existing branch or stem (_____) that is large enough to assume _______ dominance and support the remaining stem.

A

Node, Apical

19
Q

_____ and ______ cuts are examples of _____ ______.

A

Drop-crotch, thinning, nodal cuts

20
Q

Cutting of branches to stubs or laterals that are too small to assume the terminal role is?

A

Topping or Heading

21
Q

_________is a form of internodal pruning that is used in the United States but is more common in Europe. It is used to maintain a small crown in a confined space.

A

Pollarding

22
Q

The correct anatomical location for removing a branch at its point of origin is close to the trunk or pure branch, without cutting into the_______ or the ________, and without leaving a stub.

A

Branch bark ridge or the branch collar

23
Q

_____________do not accelerate wound closure, protect against insects and diseases and reduce decay.

A

Wound dressings

24
Q

Growth after pruning takes place on fewer shoots, so unpruned parts tend to grow more than they would have without pruning. This is called?

A

Shoot invigoration

25
Q

As a general rule, pruning cuts should not exceed _______of the diameter of the parent stem.

A

1/3

26
Q

______________means that branches are cut in such a way as to direct their future growth away from the conductors as much as possible.

A

Directional pruning

27
Q

______________removes the main leader or leaders to a lower lateral branch no less than one third the diameter of the original limb.

A

Crown reduction

28
Q

___________Removes branches on the conductor side of the tree to direct future growth away from the line.

A

Side pruning

29
Q

This pruning technique is used for trees located directly beneath power lines and leaves no overhang above the conductors.

A

V-pruning

30
Q

Remember, however, that for mature trees, no more than _____of the crown or _______of the foliage on the single branch being cut to a lateral, should be removed within a growing season.

A

1/4 and 1/4

31
Q

Suggestions have been made that 90% of the time the removal of three branches produces the majority of the clearance required. This term is called?

A

90-3-90

32
Q

Trees make carbohydrates through a process known as______, which they use to grow and respond to wounds.

A

Photosynthesis

33
Q

Carbohydrates are transported down tree branches and trunks through the_______ & across dams and trunks through the________.

A

Phloem and rays

34
Q

In the United States, pruning should be conducted according to ANSI______.

A

A300

35
Q

Utility pruning removes leaves and reduces a trees______ growth, but remaining shoots may grow______.

A

Overall and more

36
Q

Utility pruning is primarily conducted to provide _______from power lines.

A

Clearance

37
Q

Utility pruning should use______ and _______pruning principles.

A

Natural and targeted

38
Q

When pruning near conductors, ________branches can be left in place, depending on tree species and climatic conditions.

A

Overhanging

39
Q

A pruning _______should be based on tree growth rates.

A

Cycle

40
Q

Tree growth regulators can be used to reduce ______and lengthen the time between______.

A

Growth, cycles

41
Q

Which pruning style is most effective in preventing regrowth when pruning hardwoods?

A

Crown reduction

42
Q

Wound dressings are effective when?

A

Never

43
Q

Sprout growth following pruning usually comes from ____buds.

A

Adventitious

44
Q

Directional pruning is the best approach for line clearance because it:

A

Encourages growth away from the conductors

45
Q

Clearance for decurrent hardwoods growing directly under conductors is best obtained by:

A

Crown reduction

ISA Utility Specialist (7 decks)

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