Ch. 1. Tree Biology and Pruning Flashcards
These anchor the tree and absorb water and essential nutrients from the soil, transports materials to the trunk and store starch reserves.
Roots
Woody, compartmentalizing, long lived perennial plants that grow a few to many feet on a single stem.
Trees
Water-and nutrient-conducting tissue of the stem
Xylem
_______the organs that make food for the tree via the process___________.
Leaves & Photosynthesis
The green light absorbing pigment is
Chloroplast or chlorophyll
The sugar product of photosynthesis is___________ or ______________.
Photosynthate or Carbohydrate
The tree parts that use and/or store more photosynthate than they produce
Sinks
Photosynthates are transported downward throughout the tree via the______ or inner bark and inward from the phloem to the xylem via the ______ ________.
Phloem, wood rays
Nitrogen, potassium, sulfur, and iron are?
Essential elements absorbed by roots
Water, minerals, and macronutrients enter via the roots by a passive process called________. This means water passes from an area of high potential to an area of lower potential
Osmosis
The evaporation of waterfront plants
Transpiration
Trees have the unique ability to form a _______ _______ which limits the spread of decay
Reaction Zone
A model for the production of the reaction zones is called?
CODIT
In the CODIT model, the tree forms four barrier walls, they are?
Vertical wall, Horizontal wall, Lateral or radial wall, barrier zone
Removing branches for defined reasons
Pruning
Generally, all pruning should be done in accordance with ___________
ANSI A300-2001 part 1
British Standards Institution has ________ recommendations for tree work.
BS3998
In general terms, ________________ is performed to keep trees from ___________.
Utility line-clearance pruning, over-head power lines
Branches should be cut back to an existing branch or stem (_____) that is large enough to assume _______ dominance and support the remaining stem.
Node, Apical
_____ and ______ cuts are examples of _____ ______.
Drop-crotch, thinning, nodal cuts
Cutting of branches to stubs or laterals that are too small to assume the terminal role is?
Topping or Heading
_________is a form of internodal pruning that is used in the United States but is more common in Europe. It is used to maintain a small crown in a confined space.
Pollarding
The correct anatomical location for removing a branch at its point of origin is close to the trunk or pure branch, without cutting into the_______ or the ________, and without leaving a stub.
Branch bark ridge or the branch collar
_____________do not accelerate wound closure, protect against insects and diseases and reduce decay.
Wound dressings
Growth after pruning takes place on fewer shoots, so unpruned parts tend to grow more than they would have without pruning. This is called?
Shoot invigoration
As a general rule, pruning cuts should not exceed _______of the diameter of the parent stem.
1/3
______________means that branches are cut in such a way as to direct their future growth away from the conductors as much as possible.
Directional pruning
______________removes the main leader or leaders to a lower lateral branch no less than one third the diameter of the original limb.
Crown reduction
___________Removes branches on the conductor side of the tree to direct future growth away from the line.
Side pruning
This pruning technique is used for trees located directly beneath power lines and leaves no overhang above the conductors.
V-pruning
Remember, however, that for mature trees, no more than _____of the crown or _______of the foliage on the single branch being cut to a lateral, should be removed within a growing season.
1/4 and 1/4
Suggestions have been made that 90% of the time the removal of three branches produces the majority of the clearance required. This term is called?
90-3-90
Trees make carbohydrates through a process known as______, which they use to grow and respond to wounds.
Photosynthesis
Carbohydrates are transported down tree branches and trunks through the_______ & across dams and trunks through the________.
Phloem and rays
In the United States, pruning should be conducted according to ANSI______.
A300
Utility pruning removes leaves and reduces a trees______ growth, but remaining shoots may grow______.
Overall and more
Utility pruning is primarily conducted to provide _______from power lines.
Clearance
Utility pruning should use______ and _______pruning principles.
Natural and targeted
When pruning near conductors, ________branches can be left in place, depending on tree species and climatic conditions.
Overhanging
A pruning _______should be based on tree growth rates.
Cycle
Tree growth regulators can be used to reduce ______and lengthen the time between______.
Growth, cycles
Which pruning style is most effective in preventing regrowth when pruning hardwoods?
Crown reduction
Wound dressings are effective when?
Never
Sprout growth following pruning usually comes from ____buds.
Adventitious
Directional pruning is the best approach for line clearance because it:
Encourages growth away from the conductors
Clearance for decurrent hardwoods growing directly under conductors is best obtained by:
Crown reduction
