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anthro > ch 1 (SG) > Flashcards

ch 1 (SG) Flashcards

1
Q

What is anthropology

A

scientific study of the origin, development, and varieties of human beings and their societies.

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2
Q

four subdisciplines of anthropology

A

-archaeology
-cultural anthropology
-biological anthropology
-linguistic anthropology

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3
Q

archaeology

A

focus on material culture (tools, seeds, shelter
-through excavation

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4
Q

cultural anthropology

A

-living societies, cultural relativism

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5
Q

linguistic relativity

A

language in context, history of languages

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6
Q

biological anthropology

A

what is means to be biologically human
human diversity and adaption
-primates and nonhuman primates
evolution

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7
Q

applied anthropology

A

Practical application of anthropology theories, methods, & findings to solve real-world problems

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8
Q

six subdicliplines of biological anthropology

A

primatology: anatomy, behavior, ecology, genetics of living and extinct non-human primates
paleoanthropology: fossils, anatomical and behavioral evolution
bioarcheology: human remains from archaeological context
molecular anthropology: molecular techniques to compare populations
forensic anthropology: apply anthropology and osteology to legal and criminal investigations
human biology: how the body is impacted by environment , nutrition, and culture.

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9
Q

primate

A

mamallian order that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

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10
Q

Why is primatology so important to the study of biological anthropology

A

Because nonhuman primates are our closest living relatives, identifying the factors related to social behavior, communication, infant care and reproductive behavior helps us develop a better understanding of the natural forces that shaped modern human behavior

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11
Q

hominin, defining feature of a hominin

A

mordern humans and now extinct BIPEDAL relatives

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12
Q

culture

A

learned behavioral aspects of human adaption, or the strategy by which humans adapt

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13
Q

microevolution

A

small genetic changes that occur within a species

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14
Q

macroevolution

A

changed that occur after many generations (speciation)

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15
Q

ADAPTION

A

the response of organisms or populations to the environment as a result of natural selection

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16
Q

biocultural evolution

A

as culture develops, biology evolves

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17
Q

paleontology

A

study of the primate fossil record

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18
Q

human biological variation

A

how the body is impacted by environemnt nutrition, and culture

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19
Q

molecular anthropology

A

molecular techniques to compare populations

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20
Q

primatology

A

anatomy, behavior, ecology, genetics of living and nonhuman primates

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21
Q

qualitative vs quanitative

A

qual: categorical data
quan: numerical data

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22
Q

why is anthropology considered a science

A

it uses the scientific method to study behavior, and various aspects of. human life

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23
Q

anthropological perspective

A

understanding the diversity of the human experience with the contxet of biological and behavioral continuity with other species. Avoiding ethnocentric views

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24
Q

How did aristotles work influence the western cultural view of evolution prior to darwin

A

he beleived in fixity of species: life forms did not change.
He organized things into groups based on shared features
-he cerated a hierarchy of life with humans at the top, these views were incoorportaed into teh hcurch

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25
Q

ehat is the great chain of bieng

A

an organized chain of life forms as well as higher life forms

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26
Q

Lamarks theory of aquired characteristics

A

organisms acquire change throughout their lifetime and pass them ti theur progeny through use and diuse
the environment influences what the organism’s aquire/ lose

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27
Q

george cuvier

A

founder of paleontology
-recognized that fossils did not match current life forms

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28
Q

Theory of catastrophism and who came up with it

A

-the belief that earths geological features are the result of sudden, worldwide cataclysmic events
-George Cuvier

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29
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the idea that the er=arths surfaces result from slow continuous actions that are still in effect today and at the same rate
-merged with darwins idea that se=peciaition slowly occurs over many years and is constantly occuring

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30
Q

how did darwins expediition on the HMS beagle influence theory

A

he obsereved various species and helped determine differences and similiaritues wuthin these species

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31
Q

Who is alfred russel

A

He recognized the importance of naturl selection and thought that life forms were descendants of previosu life forms

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32
Q

Darwin;s idea of “the sruggle for survival”

A

Natural selection, teh population is limited by available resources
-favorable variations tend to be reserved
-Thomas Malthus published a book that lef darwin to the idea of natural selection

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33
Q

population variation correlation with darwins theory

A

as populations vary over time, new species may arise

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34
Q

how is natural selection affected by environmental factors

A

-the environment can determine whether a trait is favorable or not

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35
Q

fitness

A

relative measure of survival that changes as the environment changes
reproductive success due to adaptations

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36
Q

What did darwin not incoorporate into his theories

A

genetics

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37
Q

who is gregor mendel

A

father of modern genetics
-did pea plant experiments to discover independent assortment and segregation

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38
Q

structure of DNA

A

sugar ohosphate backbone
four nucleotides

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39
Q

what are the four nucleotides in DNA

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine

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40
Q

histones

A

proteins that wrap around DNA to tightly coil it in oredr to fit into the nucleus

41
Q

how many pair of chromosomes do humans have

A

23 pair (46 total)

42
Q

autosome

A

all physical characteristics minus sex

43
Q

sex chromosomea

A

code for reproductive genes

44
Q

DNA replication

A

originally single-stranded chromosomes duplicate (creating two identical sister chromatids joined at centromere)
DNA polymerase carries out replication
-end with 2 DNA molecules each with original parent strand and newly synthesized daughter strand.

45
Q

dna mutations

A

copying mistakes when replicating the DNA
-many are corrected with proof-reading enzymes, but not all

46
Q

meiosis vs mitosis

A

mitosis: somatic cell divison, 2 identical daughter cells, used for building new cells, mutations are porbably not passed along
meiosis: production of gametes, 2 divisions resulting in 4 haploid daighter cells, mutations may be passed on

47
Q

gene

A

functional portion

48
Q

allele

A

different versions of a gene at the same location

49
Q

central dogma

A

flow of genetic info
DNA -> RNA -> protein

50
Q

gene locus

A

location of a gene on a chromosome

51
Q

three steps of protein synthesis and where does each step occur

A

1: transcription (nucelus, RNA polymerase)
2: mRNA processing (nucelus)
3: translation: ribosome

52
Q

intron vs exon

A

intron: noncoding portion, not needed
exon: coding portion of RNA

53
Q

phenotype

A

physical expression of traits

54
Q

genotype

A

combination of 2 alleles, genetic material

55
Q

homozygous

A

BB or bb

56
Q

Heterozygous

A

Bb

57
Q

dominant

A

only one copy to express phenotype

58
Q

recessive

A

two copies to express phenotype

59
Q

pedigree

A

family history for a specific trait depicted into a graph

60
Q

epigenetics

A

gene regulation without changing underlying sequence (DNA methylatoin and histone modification)

61
Q

regulatory genes

A

influence activity of other genes
-direct embryonic devlopment
phsiologocal processes

62
Q

modern synthesis

A

it was the blending of darwins evolutionary theories w Mendel’s genetic theories.
-it stressed the importance of populations as units of evolution
-natural selection, polymorphisms, and chromosomes as carriers of genes

63
Q

modern definition of evolution

A

change in allele frequency in population
the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations of sucessive generations

64
Q

population

A

group of individuals in the same soecies interacting in the ssme space

65
Q

gene pool

A

combination of all genes in a specific population

66
Q

frequency

A

amount of times a gene appears

67
Q

evolution in terms of gene pools and allele frequencies

A

chnage in allelic frequency over time
change in a populations gene pool
more diverse gene pool= more ways it has to adpt

68
Q

significance of mutation

A

mutations are the only source of new genetic info
produce varition
in germline, may be passed on

69
Q

types of mutatiom

A

point mutations
insertations and deletions
-framshift mutations
-transposable elements

70
Q

how can chromosomal alterations also act as a source of variation in the genome

A

-crossover events
-nondisjuction events
-gene duplication
-chromosomal translocations

71
Q

main causes of evolutionary change

A

-natural selection
-mutation
-gene flow
-genetic drift
-nonrandom mating

72
Q

adaptive evolution vs nonadaptive

A

adaptive: change with purpose, natural selection
non-adaptive: change in allelic frequency that does not by itself lead to a population being more adapted

73
Q

examples of non-adpative volution

A

gene flow
genetic drift
mutation
inbreeding

74
Q

what is gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one population to another

75
Q

how is gene flow important in evolutionary change

A

-may increase genetic diversity by introducing new alleles from neighboring populations
-levels of gene flow are high between humans, probbaly explaining why huamn speciation is rare

76
Q

what is genetic drift

A

random vhange in gene frequency in a population over timeq

77
Q

key requirement for genetic drift to occur

A

limited population size

78
Q

how has genetic drift played a role in human evolution

A

-can result in a loss of allele or rare allele becoming more frequent

79
Q

inbreeding

A

can cause recessive mutation to become more pparent/ frequent

80
Q

natural selection effect on evolutionary vhange

A

individual sbest suited to their environment are more likely to survive, mate, and leave progeny

81
Q

three types of natural selection

A

stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
directional selection

82
Q

stabilizing selection

A

meeting in th emiddle

83
Q

disruptive sleection

A

deviating toward both sides, steering away from middle

84
Q

directional slection

A

moving towards one end/ direction

85
Q

two types of genetic drift

A

founder effect
bottleneck

86
Q

founder effect

A

few individuals from population leave and start anew with different allelic frequency than the original population

87
Q

bottleneck

A

sharp reduction in population due to environental event

88
Q

sexual selection

A

selective pressure affecting reproductive success

89
Q

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A

mechanical formula that allows estimation of the number and distribution of dominant and recessive allles in a population

90
Q

what can hardy weignerg tell us

A

non-random mating
positive assortative mating
negative assortative mating
artificial selection

91
Q

species

A

organisms whose individuals are biologically and behaviorally compatible and able to breed viable, fertile offspring

92
Q

subspecies

A

regionally distinct subpopulations of a species

93
Q

how does reproductive isolation lead to development of a new species?

A

slight genetic differences can arise within a species and ultimately lead to speciation

94
Q

microeveolution

A

small changes in allelic frequency within breeding population effect singel species

95
Q

macroevolution

A

changes that result in new species
looks at similarities between species

96
Q

allopatric speciation

A

population if geographically seperated by a physical barrier

97
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation occurs without a physical barrier

98
Q

adaptive radiation

A

subgroups of a single speces rapidly diversify to fill various ecologial niches

99
Q

ecological niche

A

set of constraints and resources available in an enironment

anthro (3 decks)

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