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anthro > ch 1 (notes) > Flashcards

ch 1 (notes) Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

anthropology

A

the study of the origin and devlopment and varities of humsn beings and their societies

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2
Q

types of anthropology

A

-arcaeology
-biological anthro
-cultural anthro
-linguistic anthro

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3
Q

cultural anthro

A

-living societies
-cultural relativism (studying without judging)
-participants observation
-study of all aspects of culture (religions.. customs)
-objective (no judging, asking)

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4
Q

Magaret Mead

A

(1901-1978)
-studied gender socialization across cultures
-wild teens, puberty or natural and universal human condition
-went to samoan island for several months
-somoan teens relatively tranquil and happy
-led her to critique parenting styles in the US
-felt teens should freely explore community and sexuality
-argued nurture more than nature

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5
Q

linguistic relativity

A

language shapes thought
-only humans have complex symbolic language
-language in context
-history of languages
sapir-wolf hypothesis

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6
Q

archaeology

A

-focus on material culture (tools, shelter, etc.
method: excavation

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7
Q

biological anthropology

A

-what does it mean to be biologically human
-human diversity and adaption
-nonhuman primates and fossil relatives
-human origins and evolution

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8
Q

applied anthropology

A

practical application of anthropology theories, methods, and findings to real world problems

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9
Q

holism

A

how aspects of anthropology intersect and influence one anothr

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10
Q

comparison

A

compares and contrasts data
-understand similarities and differences

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11
Q

dynanism

A

changes: short and long term
-cultural and biological

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12
Q

anthropological fieldwork

A

collecting data in the field
-city, small village, cave, tropical forest, lab

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13
Q

subfields of biological anthropology

A

-primatology: non human primates
-paleoanthropology: fossils, anatomical and behavioral evolution
-molecular anthro: DNA
-human biology: body, bones
-forensic anthropology: legal and criminal investigation, bones

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14
Q

primatology

A

-closest living relatives
0reproductive behaviors and social behaviors

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15
Q

evolution

A

change in a populations genetic structure

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16
Q

microevolution

A

small genetic changes within a species

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17
Q

macroevolution

A

changes that occur after many geberations (speciation- new species)

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18
Q

adaptation

A

response of organisms or populations to their environment
-result of natural selection

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19
Q

primate

A

mammallian order including
-lemurs
-monkeys
-lorises
-tarsiers
-apes
-humans

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20
Q

hominin

A

modern humans and their now extinct BIPEDAL relatives

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21
Q

bipedalism

A

walking around on two legs

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22
Q

culture

A

learned behavioral aspcets of human aspects of human adaptation, strategy to adapt
-shapes perceptions of the environment or worldviews, distinguish societies from others
-shapes human behaviors, perceptions, values and reaction

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23
Q

biocultural evolution

A

biocultural interactions influence behavioral changes
-advancements in cukture = advancements in biology

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24
Q

quanitative

A

quantity (numerical measurements)qu

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25
qualitative
categorical measuements
26
hypothesis testing
can we falsify (refine) hypothesis? -if hypothesis is repeatedly true: theory
27
theory
hypothesis is repeatedly true
28
example of anatomical evolution
back pain w age
29
example of social evolution
chidren easily learn ocmplex language
30
fixity of species
life-forms did not change -organized hierarchy of life great chain of being
31
GREAT CHAIN of being
organized by plato and aristotle -views were incoorporated into the church in the middle ages`
32
What did people in the middle ages think about the earth
that it was sttaic and unchanging
33
what did the age of enlightenment bring about
people realized the earth was not flat -copernicus says that the earth is not the center of the universe -Galileo supports this with math and logic -learn earth had undergone many life-form changes
34
Who were the important people of the age of enlightenment
Francis bacon: came up with scientific method JOhn Ray: species= smallest denomination -Carl Linnaeus: binomial nomenclature : genus and species -George Louis de Buffon: comparitive anatomya dn biogeography -john baptiste de lamark: lamarkism
35
biogeography
certain species usually exist in certai habitats
36
Lamarkism
beieved that fossils were extinct animals transformational theory: organisms transform over their lifetime -inheritance of aquired characteritsics
37
inheritance of aquired characteristics
-chnanges and adaptions that are passed onto progeny through use ans disuse
38
george curvier (father of paleontology)
older fossil remains do not match current life -theory of catastrophism: the belief that Earths geological festures are the resuly of sudden worldwide cataclysmic events
39
james hutton and charles lyell (fathers of modern geology)
UNIFORMITARIANISM: changes in earths surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today and at the same rate
40
charles darwin
first person to explain evolutionary process (natural selection)
41
Alfred Russel Wallace
-formed ideas whie on voyage of HMS BEagle -saw importance of biological variation -sexual reproduction increases variation -realized current species are the descendants of other species -caused darwin to publish his book
42
natural selection concept
those with favorable conditions will prevail -traits must be inherited -cannot occur without population variation in inherited characteristics
43
fitness
relative measure that chnages as the environment chnages (reproductive sucess)
44
gregor mendel (father of modern genetics)
-pea plant experiment -genes -dominant and recessiveness -disproved blended inheritance -segregation -independent assortment
45
segregation
transmission of heredity through genes
46
independent assortment
characteristics inherited and expressed independently of each other
47
modern synthesis
merging darwinian and gregor theories
48
population genetics
change in gene frequencies is the result of natural selection, mutation, migration, genetic drift, or random change
49
creationism
scientific creationism/ Intelligent design: idea that evolution is purposeful from GOD
50
DNA structure
-sugar phosphate backbone -four nucleotides -adenine -thymine -cytosine -guanine
51
histones
proteins that wrap around DNA to coil it into the nucleus
52
chromosomes
tightly wound DNA with histone proyteins
53
chromosomes
46 chromosomes (23 pair) -genes are located on chromosomes -each set of chromosomes has about 25,000 genes
54
two forms of chromosomes
euchromatin: loosely coiled chromatin: tightly coiled
55
types of chromosomes
autosome: non sex sex: X and Y
56
incomplete dominance
blending of traits (wavy hair)
57
codominance
can ahve multiple dominnat alleles (ABO bloodtypes )
58
penetrance
% of cases that pass/show through
59
polygenetic trais
hair color, eye color, height, cardiovascukar disease
60
homeobox genes
direct overall body plan and development and segmentation of embryonic tissues (vertebrae differences)
61
particulaye inheritance
-mendel -ppl pass genes onto offspring, genes control traits
62
law of segregation
-mendel -only one allele passes from each parent to offspring
63
law odd independent assortment
different paur of alleles are passed to offspring indpendently of each other
64
what are two things evolution requires
population of breeding individuals genetic change
65

anthro (3 decks)

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