ch 1 (notes) Flashcards
anthropology
the study of the origin and devlopment and varities of humsn beings and their societies
types of anthropology
-arcaeology
-biological anthro
-cultural anthro
-linguistic anthro
cultural anthro
-living societies
-cultural relativism (studying without judging)
-participants observation
-study of all aspects of culture (religions.. customs)
-objective (no judging, asking)
Magaret Mead
(1901-1978)
-studied gender socialization across cultures
-wild teens, puberty or natural and universal human condition
-went to samoan island for several months
-somoan teens relatively tranquil and happy
-led her to critique parenting styles in the US
-felt teens should freely explore community and sexuality
-argued nurture more than nature
linguistic relativity
language shapes thought
-only humans have complex symbolic language
-language in context
-history of languages
sapir-wolf hypothesis
archaeology
-focus on material culture (tools, shelter, etc.
method: excavation
biological anthropology
-what does it mean to be biologically human
-human diversity and adaption
-nonhuman primates and fossil relatives
-human origins and evolution
applied anthropology
practical application of anthropology theories, methods, and findings to real world problems
holism
how aspects of anthropology intersect and influence one anothr
comparison
compares and contrasts data
-understand similarities and differences
dynanism
changes: short and long term
-cultural and biological
anthropological fieldwork
collecting data in the field
-city, small village, cave, tropical forest, lab
subfields of biological anthropology
-primatology: non human primates
-paleoanthropology: fossils, anatomical and behavioral evolution
-molecular anthro: DNA
-human biology: body, bones
-forensic anthropology: legal and criminal investigation, bones
primatology
-closest living relatives
0reproductive behaviors and social behaviors
evolution
change in a populations genetic structure
microevolution
small genetic changes within a species
macroevolution
changes that occur after many geberations (speciation- new species)
adaptation
response of organisms or populations to their environment
-result of natural selection
primate
mammallian order including
-lemurs
-monkeys
-lorises
-tarsiers
-apes
-humans
hominin
modern humans and their now extinct BIPEDAL relatives
bipedalism
walking around on two legs
culture
learned behavioral aspcets of human aspects of human adaptation, strategy to adapt
-shapes perceptions of the environment or worldviews, distinguish societies from others
-shapes human behaviors, perceptions, values and reaction
biocultural evolution
biocultural interactions influence behavioral changes
-advancements in cukture = advancements in biology
quanitative
quantity (numerical measurements)qu
qualitative
categorical measuements
hypothesis testing
can we falsify (refine) hypothesis?
-if hypothesis is repeatedly true: theory
theory
hypothesis is repeatedly true
example of anatomical evolution
back pain w age
example of social evolution
chidren easily learn ocmplex language
fixity of species
life-forms did not change
-organized hierarchy of life
great chain of being
GREAT CHAIN of being
organized by plato and aristotle
-views were incoorporated into the church in the middle ages`
What did people in the middle ages think about the earth
that it was sttaic and unchanging
what did the age of enlightenment bring about
people realized the earth was not flat
-copernicus says that the earth is not the center of the universe
-Galileo supports this with math and logic
-learn earth had undergone many life-form changes
Who were the important people of the age of enlightenment
Francis bacon: came up with scientific method
JOhn Ray: species= smallest denomination
-Carl Linnaeus: binomial nomenclature : genus and species
-George Louis de Buffon: comparitive anatomya dn biogeography
-john baptiste de lamark: lamarkism
biogeography
certain species usually exist in certai habitats
Lamarkism
beieved that fossils were extinct animals
transformational theory: organisms transform over their lifetime
-inheritance of aquired characteritsics
inheritance of aquired characteristics
-chnanges and adaptions that are passed onto progeny through use ans disuse
george curvier (father of paleontology)
older fossil remains do not match current life
-theory of catastrophism: the belief that Earths geological festures are the resuly of sudden worldwide cataclysmic events
james hutton and charles lyell (fathers of modern geology)
UNIFORMITARIANISM: changes in earths surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today and at the same rate
charles darwin
first person to explain evolutionary process (natural selection)
Alfred Russel Wallace
-formed ideas whie on voyage of HMS BEagle
-saw importance of biological variation
-sexual reproduction increases variation
-realized current species are the descendants of other species
-caused darwin to publish his book
natural selection concept
those with favorable conditions will prevail
-traits must be inherited
-cannot occur without population variation in inherited characteristics
fitness
relative measure that chnages as the environment chnages (reproductive sucess)
gregor mendel (father of modern genetics)
-pea plant experiment
-genes
-dominant and recessiveness
-disproved blended inheritance
-segregation
-independent assortment
segregation
transmission of heredity through genes
independent assortment
characteristics inherited and expressed independently of each other
modern synthesis
merging darwinian and gregor theories
population genetics
change in gene frequencies is the result of natural selection, mutation, migration, genetic drift, or random change
creationism
scientific creationism/ Intelligent design: idea that evolution is purposeful from GOD
DNA structure
-sugar phosphate backbone
-four nucleotides
-adenine
-thymine
-cytosine
-guanine
histones
proteins that wrap around DNA to coil it into the nucleus
chromosomes
tightly wound DNA with histone proyteins
chromosomes
46 chromosomes (23 pair)
-genes are located on chromosomes
-each set of chromosomes has about 25,000 genes
two forms of chromosomes
euchromatin: loosely coiled
chromatin: tightly coiled
types of chromosomes
autosome: non sex
sex: X and Y
incomplete dominance
blending of traits (wavy hair)
codominance
can ahve multiple dominnat alleles (ABO bloodtypes )
penetrance
% of cases that pass/show through
polygenetic trais
hair color, eye color, height, cardiovascukar disease
homeobox genes
direct overall body plan and development and segmentation of embryonic tissues (vertebrae differences)
particulaye inheritance
-mendel
-ppl pass genes onto offspring, genes control traits
law of segregation
-mendel
-only one allele passes from each parent to offspring
law odd independent assortment
different paur of alleles are passed to offspring indpendently of each other
what are two things evolution requires
population of breeding individuals
genetic change
