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anthro > ch 1 (notes) > Flashcards

ch 1 (notes) Flashcards

1
Q

anthropology

A

the study of the origin and devlopment and varities of humsn beings and their societies

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2
Q

types of anthropology

A

-arcaeology
-biological anthro
-cultural anthro
-linguistic anthro

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3
Q

cultural anthro

A

-living societies
-cultural relativism (studying without judging)
-participants observation
-study of all aspects of culture (religions.. customs)
-objective (no judging, asking)

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4
Q

Magaret Mead

A

(1901-1978)
-studied gender socialization across cultures
-wild teens, puberty or natural and universal human condition
-went to samoan island for several months
-somoan teens relatively tranquil and happy
-led her to critique parenting styles in the US
-felt teens should freely explore community and sexuality
-argued nurture more than nature

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5
Q

linguistic relativity

A

language shapes thought
-only humans have complex symbolic language
-language in context
-history of languages
sapir-wolf hypothesis

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6
Q

archaeology

A

-focus on material culture (tools, shelter, etc.
method: excavation

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7
Q

biological anthropology

A

-what does it mean to be biologically human
-human diversity and adaption
-nonhuman primates and fossil relatives
-human origins and evolution

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8
Q

applied anthropology

A

practical application of anthropology theories, methods, and findings to real world problems

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9
Q

holism

A

how aspects of anthropology intersect and influence one anothr

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10
Q

comparison

A

compares and contrasts data
-understand similarities and differences

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11
Q

dynanism

A

changes: short and long term
-cultural and biological

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12
Q

anthropological fieldwork

A

collecting data in the field
-city, small village, cave, tropical forest, lab

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13
Q

subfields of biological anthropology

A

-primatology: non human primates
-paleoanthropology: fossils, anatomical and behavioral evolution
-molecular anthro: DNA
-human biology: body, bones
-forensic anthropology: legal and criminal investigation, bones

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14
Q

primatology

A

-closest living relatives
0reproductive behaviors and social behaviors

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15
Q

evolution

A

change in a populations genetic structure

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16
Q

microevolution

A

small genetic changes within a species

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17
Q

macroevolution

A

changes that occur after many geberations (speciation- new species)

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18
Q

adaptation

A

response of organisms or populations to their environment
-result of natural selection

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19
Q

primate

A

mammallian order including
-lemurs
-monkeys
-lorises
-tarsiers
-apes
-humans

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20
Q

hominin

A

modern humans and their now extinct BIPEDAL relatives

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21
Q

bipedalism

A

walking around on two legs

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22
Q

culture

A

learned behavioral aspcets of human aspects of human adaptation, strategy to adapt
-shapes perceptions of the environment or worldviews, distinguish societies from others
-shapes human behaviors, perceptions, values and reaction

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23
Q

biocultural evolution

A

biocultural interactions influence behavioral changes
-advancements in cukture = advancements in biology

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24
Q

quanitative

A

quantity (numerical measurements)qu

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25
Q

qualitative

A

categorical measuements

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26
Q

hypothesis testing

A

can we falsify (refine) hypothesis?
-if hypothesis is repeatedly true: theory

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27
Q

theory

A

hypothesis is repeatedly true

28
Q

example of anatomical evolution

A

back pain w age

29
Q

example of social evolution

A

chidren easily learn ocmplex language

30
Q

fixity of species

A

life-forms did not change
-organized hierarchy of life
great chain of being

31
Q

GREAT CHAIN of being

A

organized by plato and aristotle
-views were incoorporated into the church in the middle ages`

32
Q

What did people in the middle ages think about the earth

A

that it was sttaic and unchanging

33
Q

what did the age of enlightenment bring about

A

people realized the earth was not flat
-copernicus says that the earth is not the center of the universe
-Galileo supports this with math and logic
-learn earth had undergone many life-form changes

34
Q

Who were the important people of the age of enlightenment

A

Francis bacon: came up with scientific method
JOhn Ray: species= smallest denomination
-Carl Linnaeus: binomial nomenclature : genus and species
-George Louis de Buffon: comparitive anatomya dn biogeography
-john baptiste de lamark: lamarkism

35
Q

biogeography

A

certain species usually exist in certai habitats

36
Q

Lamarkism

A

beieved that fossils were extinct animals
transformational theory: organisms transform over their lifetime
-inheritance of aquired characteritsics

37
Q

inheritance of aquired characteristics

A

-chnanges and adaptions that are passed onto progeny through use ans disuse

38
Q

george curvier (father of paleontology)

A

older fossil remains do not match current life
-theory of catastrophism: the belief that Earths geological festures are the resuly of sudden worldwide cataclysmic events

39
Q

james hutton and charles lyell (fathers of modern geology)

A

UNIFORMITARIANISM: changes in earths surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today and at the same rate

40
Q

charles darwin

A

first person to explain evolutionary process (natural selection)

41
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

-formed ideas whie on voyage of HMS BEagle
-saw importance of biological variation
-sexual reproduction increases variation
-realized current species are the descendants of other species
-caused darwin to publish his book

42
Q

natural selection concept

A

those with favorable conditions will prevail
-traits must be inherited
-cannot occur without population variation in inherited characteristics

43
Q

fitness

A

relative measure that chnages as the environment chnages (reproductive sucess)

44
Q

gregor mendel (father of modern genetics)

A

-pea plant experiment
-genes
-dominant and recessiveness
-disproved blended inheritance
-segregation
-independent assortment

45
Q

segregation

A

transmission of heredity through genes

46
Q

independent assortment

A

characteristics inherited and expressed independently of each other

47
Q

modern synthesis

A

merging darwinian and gregor theories

48
Q

population genetics

A

change in gene frequencies is the result of natural selection, mutation, migration, genetic drift, or random change

49
Q

creationism

A

scientific creationism/ Intelligent design: idea that evolution is purposeful from GOD

50
Q

DNA structure

A

-sugar phosphate backbone
-four nucleotides
-adenine
-thymine
-cytosine
-guanine

51
Q

histones

A

proteins that wrap around DNA to coil it into the nucleus

52
Q

chromosomes

A

tightly wound DNA with histone proyteins

53
Q

chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes (23 pair)
-genes are located on chromosomes
-each set of chromosomes has about 25,000 genes

54
Q

two forms of chromosomes

A

euchromatin: loosely coiled
chromatin: tightly coiled

55
Q

types of chromosomes

A

autosome: non sex
sex: X and Y

56
Q

incomplete dominance

A

blending of traits (wavy hair)

57
Q

codominance

A

can ahve multiple dominnat alleles (ABO bloodtypes )

58
Q

penetrance

A

% of cases that pass/show through

59
Q

polygenetic trais

A

hair color, eye color, height, cardiovascukar disease

60
Q

homeobox genes

A

direct overall body plan and development and segmentation of embryonic tissues (vertebrae differences)

61
Q

particulaye inheritance

A

-mendel
-ppl pass genes onto offspring, genes control traits

62
Q

law of segregation

A

-mendel
-only one allele passes from each parent to offspring

63
Q

law odd independent assortment

A

different paur of alleles are passed to offspring indpendently of each other

64
Q

what are two things evolution requires

A

population of breeding individuals
genetic change

65
Q
A

anthro (3 decks)

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