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AP Psychology > Ch 1 Psychology's History, Approaches, and Careers > Flashcards

Ch 1 Psychology's History, Approaches, and Careers Flashcards

1
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Structuralism

  • introspection
  • Student of Wundt’s; structuralism
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2
Q

Ancient Greeks: (3)

A

Socrates, Plato and Aristotle

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1st Psychology Lab, Structuralism

Reaction time experiment

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4
Q

William James

A

Functionalism

1st Psychology Textbook

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5
Q

Mary Calkins & Margaret Floy Washburn

A

Experimental psychology
Margaret Washburn: 1st women Psychology Ph.D.
Mary Whiton Calkins: 1st women President of the American Psychology Association

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6
Q

John B. Watson

A

Behaviorism

“Little Albert”

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7
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Behaviorism

  • “study of observable behavior”
  • conditioning
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8
Q

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

A

Humanistic psychology

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9
Q

Psychology

A
  • Science
  • Behavior
  • Mental processes
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10
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Nature-nurture issue
Natural selection
Evolution

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11
Q

Approaches/Perspectives (7)

A 
Behavioral perspective
Biological perspective
Cognitive perspective
Evolutionary perspective
Humanistic perspective
Psychodynamic perspective
Social-cultural perspective
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12
Q

Basic Research Subfields

A

-Cognitive psychologists
-Developmental psychologists
-Educational psychologists
-Experimental psychologists
-Psychometric and Quantitative
Psychologists
-Social psychologists

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13
Q

Applied Research Subfields

A
  • Forensic psychologists
  • Health psychologists
  • Industrial/organizational (I/O)
  • psychologists
  • Neuropsychologists
  • Rehabilitation psychologists
  • School psychologists
  • Sport psychologists
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14
Q

The Helping Professions

A
  • Clinical psychologists
  • Community psychologists
  • Counseling psychologists
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15
Q

Empiricism

A

the view that knowledge originates in
experience and that science should,
therefore, rely on observation and
experimentation

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16
Q

Structuralism

A

early school of thought promoted by
Wundt and Titchner; used introspection to
reveal the structure of the human mind

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17
Q

Functionalism

A 
a school of thought promoted by James
and influenced by Darwin; explored how
mental and behavioral processes function
– how they enable the organism to adapt,
survive, and flourish.
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18
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

the study of behavior and thinking using

the experimental method.

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19
Q

Behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an
objective science that (2) studies behavior
without reference to mental processes.
-Most research psychologists today agree
with (1) but not with (2).

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20
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

a historically significant perspective that
emphasized the growth potential of
healthy people.

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21
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain
activity linked with cognition (including
perception, thinking, memory, and
language).

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22
Q

Psychology (def)

A

the science of behavior and mental processes.

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23
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the
relative contributions that genes and
experience make to the development of
psychological traits and behaviors.
-Today’s science sees traits and behaviors
arising from the interaction of nature and
nurture.

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24
Q

Natural Selection

A

the principle that, among the range of
inherited trait variations, those contributing
to reproduction and survival will most likely
be passed on to succeeding generations.

25
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

the differing complementary views, from
biological to psychological to
social-cultural, for analyzing any given
phenomenon.

26
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates
biological, psychological, and
social-cultural levels of analysis.

27
Q

Behavioral Psychology

A

the scientific study of observable behavior,
and its explanation by principles of
learning.

28
Q

Biological Psychology

A

the scientific study of the links between
biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and
psychological processes.
Some biological psychologists call themselves
-behavioral neuroscientists,
-neuropsychologists,
-behavior geneticists,
-physiological psychologists, or
-biopsychologists.

29
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the scientific study of all the mental
activities associated with thinking,
knowing, remembering, and
communicating.

30
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and

mind, using principles of natural selection.

31
Q

Psychodynamic Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how
unconscious drives and conflicts influence
behavior, and uses that information to
treat people with psychological disorders.

32
Q

Social-Cultural Psychology

A

the study of how situations and cultures

affect our behavior and thinking.

33
Q

Psychometrics

A

the scientific study of the measurement of

human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

34
Q

Basic Research

A

pure science that aims to increase the

scientific knowledge base.

35
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies
physical, cognitive, and social change
throughout the life span.

36
Q

Educational Psychology

A

the study of how psychological processes
affect and can enhance teaching and
learning.

37
Q

Personality Psychology

A

the study of an individual’s characteristic

pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

38
Q

Social Psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about,

influence, and relate to one another.

39
Q

Applied Research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical

problems.

40
Q

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychologists

A

the application of psychological concepts
and methods to optimizing human
behavior in workplaces.

41
Q

Human Factors Psychologists

A

an I/O subfield that explores how people
and machines interact and how machines
and physical environments can be made
safe and easy to use.

42
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that assists people
with problems in living (often related to
school, work, and marriage) and in
achieving greater well-being.

43
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies,
assesses, and treat people with
psychological disorders.

44
Q

Psychiatry

A 
a branch of medicine dealing with
psychological disorders; practiced by
physicians who often provide medical (for
example, drug) treatments as well as
psychological therapy.
45
Q

Positive Psychology

A

the scientific study of human functioning,
with the goals of discovering and
promoting strengths and virtues that help
individuals and communities to thrive.

46
Q

Community Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how
people interact with their social
environments and how social institutions
affect individuals and groups.

47
Q

Testing Effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather
than simply rereading information.
-also sometimes referred to as a retrieval
practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

48
Q

SQ3R

A

a study method incorporating five steps;
Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse,
Review.

49
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek philosopher who proposed theories to explain many aspects of human behavior; supported the empiricist view that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences

50
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalysis, Psychodynamic, Unconscious

51
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Behaviorist

Conditioning

52
Q

Evolutionary Approach

focus?

A

Focus: how nature selects traits that promote the perpetuation of one’s genes. Survival.
Influenced by Charles Darwin

53
Q

Psychoanalytical Approach

focus?

A

Focus: how behavior springs from UNCONSCIOUS drives & conflicts

  • early childhood
  • dreams
  • Sigmund Freud
54
Q

Biological Approach

focus?

A

Focus: how the body and brain create emotion, memories, and sensory experiences

  • brain structures, blood chemistry, neural communication
  • Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga, Paul Broca
55
Q

Cognitive Approach

focus?

A

Focus: how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info

-Jean Piget, Elizabeth Loftus

56
Q

Behavioral Approach

focus?

A

Focus: learning based on how a behavior is rewarded or punished
-John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov

57
Q

Humanistic Approach

focus?

A

Focus: emphasizes that we have great freedom in directing our future, a large capacity for growth, intrinsic worth, and self-actualization
-Abraham Maslow (pyramid) & Carl Rogers

58
Q

Social-Cultural Approach

focus?

A

Focus: how behavior & thinking vary across situations & cultures
-Albert Bandura, Phillip Zimbardo

59
Q

Structuralism vs functionalism

A

Structuralism: what the mind processes
Functionalism: he we the mind processes

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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