Ch. 1: Plant and Cell Architecture Flashcards
Exam 1
sessile
plants are immobile but have the ability to grow towards resources
structural reinforcement
support mass as they grow up against gravitational forces
xyloglucan
main skeleton is made up of glucose but it has branches made up of xylose
cellulose
fibrous component of a cell; B1 4 Glucose
individual _____ are made up of cellulose
microfibrils
hemicellulose
heterogeneous group of molecules that have a B1 4 backbone that link microfibrals together and hold cellulose together
residue
sugar molecules that are attached together
each glucose molecule that makes up the cellulose chain
residue
galacturonic acid
acid sugar; galactose that has a carboxyl group attached to it
pectin
hydrophilic gel rich in acidic types of sugar
how does pectin become soluble
calcium chelators disrupt the organization and make them soluble
what does pectin do
it holds together hemicellulose and cellulose
where is pectin located
primary wall and not the secondary wall
what makes up matrix polysaccharides
hemicellulose
what is found in the secondary wall that replaces pectin
lignin
lignin is why what characteristic of sec. wall
its rigid
what is the role of lignin
to stop the cells from expanding once they reach their maximum height
cytoplasm
all the material we find inside the cells
primary wall
outermost layer of the cell wall found in all cells
secondary wall
sandwiched between the primary wall and the plasma membrane
middle lamella
found between adjacent walls containing pectin
where is cellulose microfibrils synthesized
cell surface
what controls microfibril spacing and wall porosity
pectin forming an interlocking matrix
plasmodesmata
channels that exist between adjacent cells; tubular structures ranging in size
symplast
continuum of cytoplasmic connections as a result of the plasmodesmata
apoplast
all of the cell wall continuum
what are cytoplasmic connections
the endoplasmic reticulum
secondary growth
any of the xylem produced via secondary processes become secondary xylem aka wood which increases the diameter
histones
packaging proteins that DNA is wrapped around
cell expansion of the vacuole
increases in the volume of the vacuole provides the pressure that will allow a cell to expand
what does the vacuole store
secondary metabolites, inorganic ions, organic acids, and pigments
secondary metabolites
chemicals that make the plant taste bitter
inorganic ions
plants take in nutrients and minerals from the soil and store it for when there aren’t any nutrients present
organic acids
stored in the vacuole as a part of the carbon processing stages of photosynthesis
pigments
accumulate in the vacuole; ex: colors that tell an apple is ripe
protein bodies
specific types of storage vacuole, especially found in the seed
proteolysis
break down of proteins; hydrolyzed to yeild amino acids
tonoplast
membrane of a vacuole
G-actin
form of actin that has ATP associated with it
what happens when G-actins are bound together
the ATP is hydrolyzed and becomes ADP and into the F-form
microtubules
chain that is hollow, unlike microfilaments they are made up of tubulin
tubulin
consists of one alpha and beta unit; GTP associated with it instead of ATP
what happens to GTP in tubulin when it is hydrolyzed
the alpha and beta are bound together and assembled onto the microtubule
treadmilling
equilibrium when you are adding the same amount of units that you are taking away
myosin
between the microfilament and the protein there are molecular motors that move things around the cell
kinesen
proteins that work with tubulin as the molecular motor to move things around
fragmoplasts
network of microtubules, F-actins, vesicles, and membrane material that forms at the end of telophase and will appear where the prophase band was
