Ch 1 Introduction Definitions

Question 1

Availability Heuristic

Answer 1

Judging the frequency or probability of an event or attribute by asking ourselves how easily we can bring examples to mind from memory

Question 2

Belief Perseverance

Answer 2

The tendency to continue holding a belief even if its original support has been discredited, and in the face of contrary evidence

Question 3

Cognitive Illusions

Answer 3

An involuntary error in our thinking or memory due to System 1, which continues to seem correct even if we consciously realize it’s not

Question 4

Cognitive Pitfalls

Answer 4

A common, predictable error in human reasoning, including mental glitches an logical fallacies

Question 5

Cognitive Reflection

Answer 5

The habit of checking initial impressions supplied by System 1, and overriding them when appropriate

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

The tendency to notice or focus on potential evidence for our pre-existing views, and to neglect or discount contrary evidence. It can be present without an underlying motive to have the belief in the first place

Question 7

Evidence Primacy Effect

Answer 7

In a process where information is acquired over time, the tendency to give early information more evidential weight than late information. This tendency arises when we develop opinions early on, leading to confirmation bias when interpreting later information, or simply a failure to pay as much attention to it

Question 8

Heuristic

Answer 8

A cognitive shortcut used to bypass the more effortful type of reasoning that would be acquired to arrive at an accurate answer. They are susceptible to systematic and predictable errors

Question 9

Motivated Reasoning

Answer 9

Forming or maintaining a belief at least partly because, at some level, we want it to be true. It manifests itself in selective standards for belief, seeking and accepting evidence that confirms desired beliefs, and ignoring or discounting evidence that disconfirms them

Question 10

Skilled Intuition

Answer 10

The ability to make fast and accurate judgements about a situation by recognising learned patterns in it. This requires training under specific kinds of conditions

Question 11

System 1

Answer 11

The collection of cognitive processes that feel automatic and effortless but not transparent. Including specialised processes that interpret sensory date and are the source of our impressions, feelings, intuitions and impulses.

Question 12

System 2

Answer 12

The collection of cognitive processes that are directly controlled, effortful and transparent

Question 13

Transparency

Answer 13

The degree to which information processing itself (rather than just its output) is done consciously, in such a way that one is aware f the steps being taken