Ch 1 - Intro to Human Body Flashcards
Embryology
In humans, the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of the egg
Developmental biology
The complete developmental history of an individual from fertilization to death
Cell biology
Cellular structure and function
Histology
Microscopic structure of tissues
Sectional anatomy
Internal structure and relationships of the body through the use of sections
Gross anatomy
Structures that can be examined without using a microscope
Systemic anatomy
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
Regional anatomy
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
Imaging anatomy
Internal body structures that can be visualized with x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and other technologies
Pathological anatomy
Structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease
palpation
examiner feels body surfaces with the hands
auscultation
examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds
percussion
examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the result- ing sound. Hollow cavities or spaces produce a different sound than solid organs do
six levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal
The Eleven Systems of the Human Body
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Endocrine
- Nervous
- Integumentary
- Lymphatic
- Urinary
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Reproductive
- Cardiac
anatomical position
subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the sides with the palms facing forward
prone
lying face down
supine
lying face up
Regional Names
head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs
olecranon
funny bone
Planes
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body
sagittal plane
is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides. midsagittal - divides in equal halfs; parasagittal - divides into unequal halfs
frontal plane
divides the body or an organ into front and back portions
transverse plane
divides body or organ into upper and lower portions
oblique plane
passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle
Rostral
Relating to the nose and mouth region; toward
the face. (Used only in references within the head).
Caudal
Relating to the tail; at or near the tail or posterior part of the body. (Used only in references within the trunk).
Ventral
Relating to the belly side of the body; toward the belly. (Used synonymously with anterior in human anatomy.)
Dorsal
Relating to the back side of the body; toward the back. (Used synonymously with posterior in human anatomy.)
Medial
Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides).
Lateral
Farther from the midline.
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body’s midline as another structure.
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body’s midline from another structure.
disorder
any abnormality of structure and/or function
Disease
illness characterized by a recogniz- able set of symptoms and signs in which body structures and func- tions are altered in characteristic ways
symptoms
ubjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
signs
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
lesion
An anatomical sign of disease such as swelling, a rash, an ulcer, a wound, or a tumor. organ or tissue damage resulting from injury or disease.
Integral proteins
extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it
transmembrane proteins
span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid
Peripheral proteins
are not as firmly embedded in the membrane and are attached to membrane lipids or integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane. glycoproteins
glycocalyx
carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat. acts like a molecular “signature” that enables cells to recognize one another. glycocalyx enables cells to adhere to one another in some tis- sues, and it protects cells from being digested by enzymes in the extracellular fluid. The chemical properties of the glycocalyx attract a film of fluid to the surface of many cells. This action makes red blood cells slippery as they flow through nar- row blood vessels and protects cells that line the airways and the gastrointestinal tract from drying out
aquaporins
AQP. integral protein pores in plasma membrane where water passes through osmosis
Transcytosis
Movement of a substance through a cell as a result of endocytosis on one side and exocytosis on the opposite side.
Bulk-phase endocytosis
also called pinocytosis - cell drinking endocytosis
autophagy
process by which entire worn-out orga- nelles are digested by a lysosome
autolysis
lysosome enzymes destroy entire cell
peroxisomes
similar to lysosomes but smaller, contain enzyme that can oxidize. detoxifies drugs and alcohol.
Proteasomes
Continuous destruction of unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
