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Anatomy > Ch 1 - Intro to Human Body > Flashcards

Ch 1 - Intro to Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology

A

In humans, the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of the egg

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2
Q

Developmental biology

A

The complete developmental history of an individual from fertilization to death

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3
Q

Cell biology

A

Cellular structure and function

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4
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic structure of tissues

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5
Q

Sectional anatomy

A

Internal structure and relationships of the body through the use of sections

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6
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Structures that can be examined without using a microscope

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7
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

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8
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

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9
Q

Imaging anatomy

A

Internal body structures that can be visualized with x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and other technologies

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10
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

Structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease

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11
Q

palpation

A

examiner feels body surfaces with the hands

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12
Q

auscultation

A

examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds

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13
Q

percussion

A

examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the result- ing sound. Hollow cavities or spaces produce a different sound than solid organs do

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14
Q

six levels of organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal

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15
Q

The Eleven Systems of the Human Body

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Muscular
  3. Endocrine
  4. Nervous
  5. Integumentary
  6. Lymphatic
  7. Urinary
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Reproductive
  11. Cardiac
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16
Q

anatomical position

A

subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the sides with the palms facing forward

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17
Q

prone

A

lying face down

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18
Q

supine

A

lying face up

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19
Q

Regional Names

A

head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs

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20
Q

olecranon

A

funny bone

21
Q

Planes

A

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body

22
Q

sagittal plane

A

is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides. midsagittal - divides in equal halfs; parasagittal - divides into unequal halfs

23
Q

frontal plane

A

divides the body or an organ into front and back portions

24
Q

transverse plane

A

divides body or organ into upper and lower portions

25
Q

oblique plane

A

passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle

26
Q

Rostral

A

Relating to the nose and mouth region; toward

the face. (Used only in references within the head).

27
Q

Caudal

A

Relating to the tail; at or near the tail or posterior part of the body. (Used only in references within the trunk).

28
Q

Ventral

A

Relating to the belly side of the body; toward the belly. (Used synonymously with anterior in human anatomy.)

29
Q

Dorsal

A

Relating to the back side of the body; toward the back. (Used synonymously with posterior in human anatomy.)

30
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides).

31
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline.

32
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body’s midline as another structure.

33
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body’s midline from another structure.

34
Q

disorder

A

any abnormality of structure and/or function

35
Q

Disease

A

illness characterized by a recogniz- able set of symptoms and signs in which body structures and func- tions are altered in characteristic ways

36
Q

symptoms

A

ubjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

37
Q

signs

A

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

38
Q

lesion

A

An anatomical sign of disease such as swelling, a rash, an ulcer, a wound, or a tumor. organ or tissue damage resulting from injury or disease.

39
Q

Integral proteins

A

extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it

40
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

41
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

are not as firmly embedded in the membrane and are attached to membrane lipids or integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane. glycoproteins

42
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat. acts like a molecular “signature” that enables cells to recognize one another. glycocalyx enables cells to adhere to one another in some tis- sues, and it protects cells from being digested by enzymes in the extracellular fluid. The chemical properties of the glycocalyx attract a film of fluid to the surface of many cells. This action makes red blood cells slippery as they flow through nar- row blood vessels and protects cells that line the airways and the gastrointestinal tract from drying out

43
Q

aquaporins

A

AQP. integral protein pores in plasma membrane where water passes through osmosis

44
Q

Transcytosis

A

Movement of a substance through a cell as a result of endocytosis on one side and exocytosis on the opposite side.

45
Q

Bulk-phase endocytosis

A

also called pinocytosis - cell drinking endocytosis

46
Q

autophagy

A

process by which entire worn-out orga- nelles are digested by a lysosome

47
Q

autolysis

A

lysosome enzymes destroy entire cell

48
Q

peroxisomes

A

similar to lysosomes but smaller, contain enzyme that can oxidize. detoxifies drugs and alcohol.

49
Q

Proteasomes

A

Continuous destruction of unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins

Anatomy (4 decks)

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