Ch 1: Human Body Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Anatomy is concrete. Therefore it can be:
Seen, felt and examined closely.
What is physiology?
The function of the body, how the body works.
What are the 6 different types of anatomy?
- Macroscopic (gross)
- Microscopic
- Developmental
- Pathological (illness)
- Imaging
- Palpation
What are the 3 different types of macroscopic anatomy?
Regional
Systemic
Surface
What are the 2 different types of microscopic anatomy?
Cytology, the study of cells.
Histology, the study of tissues.
What is embryology?
The study of anatomy before birth.
What is regional anatomy?
All the structures including muscles bones blood vessels and nerves are in a particular region of the body.
What is systemic anatomy?
The study of the body structure system by system.
What is surface anatomy?
The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
What is palpation?
Feeling organs with your hands.
What is auscultation?
Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope.
What does the principle of complementarity of structure and function express?
Function always reflects structure.
What are the body systems? (11 systems)
Integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic Respiratory digestive urinary reproductive
What are the 3 essential concepts of all living organisms?
- Complementarity of structure and function
- Hierarchy of structural organization
- Homeostasis
What are the 3 types of physiology?
Electrical
Mechanical
Chemical
Catabolism
To break down smaller (c=cut)
Anabolism
To build bigger “synthesize” (a=add to)
Homeostasis
Keeping the balance, making slight adjustments to keep all functions working properly
On homeostasis control, the stimulus…
Produces change in the variable
In homeostasis control, the receptor…
Detects the change
In homeostasis control, the input…
Is sent along the AFFERENT PATHWAY to the control center
In homeostasis control, the output…
Is info sent along the EFFERENT PATHWAY to the effector
In homeostasis control, the response…
Is when the effector feeds back to reduce the effect of the stimulus and returns the variable to normal
Negative Feedback
The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus (homeostasis control)
Positive Feedback
Response enhances original stimulus so the response is enhanced. (Blood clotting or child labor)
Anatomical position
Body erect, with feet slightly apart and palms face up. “Standing at attention”
Superior (cranial)
Toward the hood and or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head and or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate
Between a more medial in a more lateral structure
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
Cephalic
Head area
Frontal
Forehead
Orbital
Eyes
Nasal
Nose
Oral
Mouth
Mental
Chin
Cervical
Neck
Thoracic
Chest area
Sternal
Middle chest
Axillary
Armpit
Mammary
Nipple
Abdominal
Belly area
Umbilical
Belly button
Pelvic
Under belly area
Inguinal
Groin
Pubic
Genital
Upper limb area
Arms
Acromial
Shoulder
Brachial
Arm
Antecubital
Inside elbow
Olecranal
Outside elbow
Antebrachial
Forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Manus area
Hands
Pollex
Thumb
Metacarpal
Back of hand
Palmar
Inside of hand
Digital
Finger
Lower limb area
Legs
Coxal
Hip
Femoral
Thigh
Patellar
Knee cap
Popliteal
Back of knee
Brutal
Leg (lower)
Sural
Calf
Fibular or peroneal
Outside of lower leg
Pedal area
Feet
Tarsal
Ankle
Calcaneal
Heel
Metatarsal
Top of foot
Digital
Toes
Plantar
Bottom of foot
Gallic
Big toe
Otic
Ears
Occipital
Back of head
Scapular
Shoulder blade
Vertebral
Spine
Lumbar
Lower back on outer sides of spine
Sacral
Beneath spine, above butt
Gluteal
Butt
Perineal
Between anus and external genitalia
Axial part
Head, neck and trunk
Appendicular part
Appendages (arms and legs) attached to axis
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
Median or midsagittal plane
Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
Parasagittal planes
Sagittal planes offset from the midline
Frontal planes
Lie vertically, divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
Also called coronal planes
Transverse or horizontal planes
Runs horizontally from right to left and dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Dorsal body cavity
Protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions, the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
Cranial cavity
In the skull, encases the brain
Vertebral or spinal cavity
Runs within the bony vertebral column and encloses the delicate spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
The more interior and larger of the 2 body cavities; has two subdivisions that the thoracic cavity in the abdominopelvic cavity
Viscera
Housed by the ventral body cavity, internal organs in a body cavity
Thoracic cavity
Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest, subdivided into lateral pleural cavities
Pleural cavities
Each enveloping a lung in the medial mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
Located in the mediastinum, encloses the heart and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea)
Abdominopelvic cavity
Separated from the Thoracic cavity by the diaphragm, dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity contains:
Contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity, location and contents:
Lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum
Serosa or serous membrane
Thin double layered membrane that covers the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains
Parietal serosa
The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
Visceral serosa
The part of the membrane covering the organs in the cavity
Serous fluid
thin layer of lubricated fluid that separates the serous membrane
