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CH. 1 Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics (Lower Extermity) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Osteology of the Hip region?

A
  • Fermur
  • Acetabulum of pelvis
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2
Q

Describe the Femur

A
  • Head is 2/3 of a sphere with a depression at its center caller the fovia capitis femoris
  • Head is oriented superiorly, anteriorly,a nd medially
  • Articular cartilage covers entire head, extept for the fovea capitis
  • Angle of inclination normally 115°-125°
    • Coxa valga is angle >125°
    • Coxa vara is angle <115°
  • Femoral neck angles anteriorly 10°-15° from frontal plane to form anterior antetorsion angle
    • Antertorsion
      • Considered excesive if anterior antetorsion angle >25°-30°
    • Retrotorsion
      • Considered excessive if anterion antetorsion angle <10°
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3
Q

What is the normal angle of inclination?

A
  • 115°-125°
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4
Q

What is considered to be Coxa Valga?

A

angle > 125°

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5
Q

What is considered to be Coxa Vara?

A

Angle < 115°

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6
Q

What is the normal femoral neck anterior antetorsion angle?

A

angle of 10°-15°

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7
Q

What is considered femoral neck Anteversion?

A

Anterior antetorsion angle 25°-30°

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8
Q

What is considered to be femoral neck Retroversion?

A

anterior antetorsion angle <10°

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9
Q

Describe the Acetabulum

A
  • Acetabulum faces laterally, inferiorly, and anteriory
  • Made of union between ischium, illium, and pubis bones
  • Acetabulur fossa
    • Center of acetabulum, which is nonarticulating and filled with fat pad for shock absorption
  • Acetabulum is not completly covered with cartilage
    • Lined with a horseshow-shaped articular cartilage with interruption inferiorly forming acetubular notch
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10
Q

Describe the Arthrology of the Coxofemoral joint

A
  • Synovial joint
  • Convex femoral head articulates with concave acetabulum
  • Very stable joint due to bony anatomy as well as strength of ligaments and capsule
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11
Q

What are the Noncontractile structures in the Hip region?

A
  • Capsule
  • Labrum
  • Bursea
  • Ligaments
    • Iliofemoral
    • Ischiofemoral
    • Pubofemoral
  • Associated nerves and vessels
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12
Q

Describe the Capsule of the Hip joint

A
  • Strong and dense
  • Encloses the entire joint
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13
Q

Describe the Labrum of the hip joint

A
  • Tringular shaped, made up of a fibrocartilaginous ring, thickest superiorly
  • Attaches to bony rim of acetabulum, bridging acetabular notch
  • Serves to deepen acetabulum
  • Inner surface is lined with articular cartilage, and outer surface connects to joint capsule
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14
Q

Describe the Iliofermoral ligament (Y ligment or Ligament of Bigelow)

A
  • Two bands, both starting from anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
    • Medial running to distal intertrochanteric line
    • Lateral running to proximal aspect of intertrochanteric line
  • Very strong
  • Both bands taut with extension and external rotation
  • Lateral band taut with adduction
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15
Q

Describe the Pubofemoral ligament

A
  • Runs from iliopectineal eminence, superior rami of pubis, obturator crest, and obturator membrance, laterally blending with capsule
    • Inserts into same point as medial iliofemoral ligament (distal intertrochanteric line)
  • Taut with extension, external rotation, and abduction
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16
Q

Describe the Ischiofemoral ligament

A
  • Runs from ischium and posterior acetabulum, superiorly and laterally, blending with zona articularis and attaching to greater trochanter
  • Taut with medial rotation, abduction, and extension
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17
Q

Describe the Zona orbicularis

A
  • Runs in a circular pattern around the femoral neck
  • Has no bony attachments, but helps to hold head of femur in aceatubulum
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18
Q

Describe the Inguinal ligament

A
  • 12-14 cm long, running from anterior superior iliac crest (ASIS) medially and inferiorly, attaching to the pubic tubercle.
  • Forms tunnel for muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves
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19
Q

Describe the Bursae of the Hip

A
  • Subtendinous iliac
    • located between hip and os pubis
  • Iliopectinal
    • between tendons of psoas major, iliacus and capsule
    • lies close to femoral nerve
  • Ischiofemoral
    • between ischial tuberosity and gluteus maximus
    • may cause pain in sciatic distribution
  • Deep trochanteric
    • between gluteus maximus and posterior lateral greater trochanter
    • may cause pain with hip flexion and internal rotation due to compression of gluteus maximus
  • Superficial trochanteric
    • located over greater trochanter
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20
Q

What nerves innervate the hip joint?

A
  • Femoral
  • Obturator
  • Sciatic
  • Superior gluteal
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21
Q

Describe the blood supply of the Hip

A
  • Medial and lateral femoral circumflex supplies proximal femur
  • Femoral head is supplied by a small branch off obutrator artery
  • Acetabulum is supplied by branches from superior and inferior gluteal arteries
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22
Q

Describe the Biomechanics of the Hip

A
  • Coxofemoral joint arthokinematics/osteokinematics occur in opposite directions due to relationship of convex femoral head moving within concave acetabulum
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23
Q

What is the Osteology of the Knee?

A
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Patella
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24
Q

Describe the Femur

A
  • Femoral condyles are convex in anterior/posterior and medial/lateral planes
    • Both femoral condyles are spiral, but lateral one has a longer surface area and medial one descends further inferiorly
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25
Q

Describe the Tibia

A
  • Medial tibial condyle is biconcave, has a larger surface area and is more stable, and therefore less mobile
  • Lateral tibial condyle is convex anterior/posterior and concave medial/lateral
    • Smaller surface area, more circular, and less stable, therefore more mobile
  • Both tibial surfaces are raised where they border intercondylar area
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26
Q

Describe the Patella

A
  • A verticle ridge devides patella into a larger and smaller medial part
    • Patella can further be divided by two faint horizontal ridges that divide it into its facets
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27
Q

What is the arthrology of the Knee?

A
  • Tibiofemoral joint
  • Patellofemoral joint
  • Proximal tibiofibular joint
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28
Q

Describe the Proximal Tibiofibular joint

A
  • Oval tibial facet is flat or slightly convex
    • Fibular head has an oval, slightly concave to flat surface
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29
Q

Describe the Tibiofemoral joint

A
  • Synovial hinge joint with two degrees of freedom
  • Minimal bony stability thus relies on capsule, ligaments and muscles
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30
Q

Describe the Patellofemoral joint

A
  • Patella articular surface is adapted to patellar surface of femur
    • An oblique groove running inferiorly and laterally is the guiding mechanism on femur for patella tracking
    • Patellar surface of femur is concave tranversely and convex sagittally, creating its saddle (sellar) shape.
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31
Q

What are the Noncontractile structures in the Knee?

A
  • Ligaments
    • Medial collateral (MCL)
    • Lateral collateral (LCL)
    • Anterior cruciate (ACL)
    • Posterior cruciate (PCL)
  • Menisci
  • Capsule
  • Bursae
  • Associated nerves and vessels
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32
Q

Describe the Capsule of the Knee

A
  • Tibiofemoral capsule is a fibrous sleeve attached to the distal femur and proximal tibia
    • The inner wall is covered by a synovium
    • Shaped as a cylinder with a posterior invagination, which posteriorly devides the cavity into medial and lateral halves
    • Anterior surface has a window cut out for the patella
  • Proximal tibiofubular joint has a fibrous capsule, which is continuous with the knee joint capsule 10% of the time
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33
Q

Describe the Medial Collateral Ligament

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint
  • Runs from the medial aspect of the medial femoral condyle to the upper end of the tibia
    • Posterior fibers blend with capsule
    • Runs oblique anteriorly and inferiorly
  • Taut in extension and slackened in flexion
  • Prevents external rotation
  • Provides stability against valgus m=forces
  • Runs in the same direction as the anterior cruciate ligament
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34
Q

Describe the Lateral Collateral Ligament

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellafemoral joint
  • Runs from the lateral femoral condyle to the head on the fibula
    • Free of any capsular attachment
    • Runs oblique inferiorly and posteriorly in same direction as the posterior cruciate ligament
  • Taut in extension and slackened in flexion
  • Prevents external rotation
  • Provides stability against varus forces
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35
Q

Describe the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint
  • Attaches to the anterior intercondylar fossa of tibia and to the femur at the medial aspect of the lateral condyle
    • Runs oblique superiorly and laterally
    • Extracapsular, but more correctly a thickening of the capsule
  • Checks forward gliding of the tibia on the femur
  • Limits internal rotation of tibia during flexion as it twists around the posterior cruciate ligament
36
Q

Describe the Posterior Cruciate Ligament

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint
  • Attaches to the posterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia and on the lateral surface of the femoral medial condyle
    • Runs oblique medially and anteriorly-superiorly
  • Checks posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur
37
Q

Describe the Meniscofemoral Ligament

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint
  • Runs with the Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  • Attaches below the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus
    • Has a common insertion into the lateral aspect of the medial condyle
  • Occasionally a similar ligament exists medially
38
Q

Desribe the Oblique Popliteal Ligament

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint
  • Inserts into the expansion from the tendon of semimembranosus
    • It partially blends with the capsule
    • Forms the floor of the popliteal fossa and is in contact with popliteal anterior artery
  • Strengthens posteromedial capsule
39
Q

Describe the Arcuate Popliteal Ligament

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint
  • Y-shaped and commonly described as having two bands (medial and lateral)
    • Stem attaches to the fibular head
    • Medial band attaches to the posterior border of intercondylar area of the tibia
    • Lateral band extends to the lateral epicondyle of the femur
  • Strengthens posterolateral capsule
40
Q

Describe the Transverse Ligament

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint
  • Connects the lateral and medial meniscus anteriorly
41
Q

Describe the Meniscopatellar Ligament

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint
  • Runs from the inferiolateral edges of the patella to the lateral borders of each meniscus
  • Pulls menisci forward with extension
42
Q

Describe the Alar fold

A
  • Part of the Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint
  • Runs from the lateral borders of the patella to the medial and lateral aspects of the femoral condyles
  • Keeps the patella in contact with the femur
43
Q

Describe the Infrapatella fold

A
  • Formed by attachments of the patella fat pad and tendons via a fibroadipose band lying in the intercondylar notch
  • Acts as a stop gap as it is compressed by the patella tendon in full extension
44
Q

Describe the Anterior Tibiofibular Ligament

A
  • Part of the Proximal Tibiofibular joint
  • Located on the anterior aspect of the joint
  • Reinforces the capsule posteriorly
45
Q

Describe the Posterior Tibiofibular Ligament

A
  • Part of the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
  • Located on the posterior aspect of the joint
  • Reinforces the capsule posteriorly
46
Q

Describe the Medial Meniscus

A
  • Large, C-shaped and fairly stable
  • Laterally, it is firmly attached to the MCL and fibrous capsule
  • Other structures that attach to the medial meniscus are:
    • Semimembranosus muscle
    • Medial mensicopatellar ligament
47
Q

Describe the Lateral Meniscus

A
  • Smaller than the medial meniscus and more circular
  • Seperated from the LCL and lateral capsule by the Popliteus muscle tendon
  • Structures that attach to the lateral meniscus include:
    • Popliteus muscle
    • Lateral meniscopatellar ligament
    • Meniscofemoral ligament
48
Q

What are the functions of the Menisci?

A
  1. Deepens fossa of tibia
  2. Increase congruency of tibia and femur
  3. Provides stability to tibiofemoral joint
  4. Provides shock absorption and lubrication to the knee
  5. Reduces friction during movement
  6. Improves weight distribution
49
Q

Describe the Movement of the Menisci

A
  • Menisci follow the tibia with flexion/extension and follow the femoral condyles with internal/external rotation
  • Medial meniscus moves a total of 6 mm while the lateral meniscus moves 12 mm.
    • With isolated tibial rotation, the menisci move opposite
      • e.g., with tibial IR, the medial meniscus moves anteriorly and the lateral meniscus moves posteriorly
  • Meniscal motion is also influenced by soft tissue structures
    • Medial meniscus
      • Pulled posteriorly (flexion) by Semimembranosus muscle and ACL
      • Pulled anteriorly (extension) by Medial meniscopatellar ligament
      • Held firm by its attachment to the MCL and fibrous capsule
    • Lateral meniscus
      • Pulled posteriorly (flexion) by Popliteus muscle
      • Pulled anteriorly (extension) by Lateral mensicopatellar ligament and Meniscofemoral ligament
50
Q

Describe the Bursae of the Knee

A
  • Prepatellar
    • Between skin and anterior distal patella
  • Superficial infrapatellar
    • Anterior to ligamentum patella
  • Deep infrapatella
    • Between posterior ligamentum patella and anterior tibial tuberosity
  • Suprapatellar
    • Between patella and tibiofemoral joint
  • Popliteal
    • Posterior knee often connected to synovial cavity
  • Semimembranosus
    • Between muscle and femoral condyle
  • Gastrocnemius
    • One for each head
    • Medial bursa usually communicates with semimembranosus bursa
  • Pes anserine
    • Between pes anserine and MCL
51
Q

Describe the Blood Supply of the Knee

A
  • Comes from the descending branch from the lateral circumflex femoral branch of the deep femoral artery
  • Genicular branches of the popliteal artery and recurrent branches of the anterior tibial artery
52
Q

What nerves innervate the knee?

A
  • Obturator nerve
  • Femoral Nerve
  • Tibial Nerve
  • Common fibular Nerves
53
Q

Describe the Movements of the Femoral Condyles during flexion/extension

A
  • Condyles roll and glide simultaneously (only way that posterior dislocation of femoral condyle can be avoided)
    • Initally, movement is pure rolling and ends in pure gliding
    • For medial condyle, pure rolling occurs during the first 10°-15° of flexion
  • During flexion, femoral condyles roll posteriorly
    • ACL becomes taut, causing condyles to glide anteriorly
  • During extension, femoral condyles roll anteriorly
    • PCL becomes taut, causing condyles to glide posteriorly
54
Q

Describe the Movements of the Femoral Condyles during Walking

A
  • Normal range of knee flexion is approximately 15°
  • We are essentially using pure rolling of femur on tibia
55
Q

Describe the Conjunct rotation of the Knee during Flexion at 10°-15°

A
  • ACL tightens causing the femur to glide anteriorly, then 5° further, rolling occurs on lateral condyle, causing a conjunct medial rotation of the tibia
56
Q

Describe the Conjunct rotation of the Knee during Extension

A
  • PCL causes the femur to glide posteriorly while the condyles roll anteriorly 10°-15°
  • Then a further 5° of rolling occurs anteriorly on the lateral side, causing a medial femoral rotation or a lateral rotation of the tibia as a conjunct rotation with extension
57
Q

What is the “Screw home” mechanism?

A
  • The 5° of tibial external rotation, which occurs during terminal knee extension
58
Q

Describe the “Screw home” mechanism

A
  • Occurs as a closed-chain internal femoral rotation during weight-bearing to provide increased stability of the knee joint during weight-bearinjg activities
    • Can also occur as open-chain external tibial rotation
  • Lateral or external rotation of the tibia occurs as the knee moves toward terminal extension, due to the anatomical relationship of surfaces of the tibia and femur
  • Unlocking occurs through action of popliteus
    • Open-chain unlocking occurs primarily with popliteal action
59
Q

What are the causes for the “Screw home” mechanism?

A
  • Lateral femoral condyle glides more freely on lateral convex (anterior/posterior) facet of tibia.
    • Causes greater tibial motion in the posterior direction on the lateral side
  • Medial femoral condyle has a longer articular surface than the lateral condyle
    • During femoral rolling, more motion occurs on the lateral side (20°) than on the medial side (10°-15°)
  • Medial meniscus is attached to the MCL which tightens during extension
    • Medial meniscus stops gliding, while lateral meniscus continues to glide forward
    • Creates internal rotation of the femur, which is the same as external rotation of the tibia
  • Twisted cruciate ligaments create external rotation force on the tibia, while preventing an internal rotation
  • Lateral angle of pull of the quadriceps muscle creates external rotation of the tibia
60
Q

Describe the Biomechanics of the Proximal tibiofibular joint during Dorsiflexion of the talocrural joint

A
  • Fibular head glides superiorly and posteriorly
  • Fibular shaft rotates externally
61
Q

Describe the Biomechanics of the Proximal tibiofibular joint during Plantarflexion of the talocrural joint

A
  • Fibular head glides inferiorly and anteriorly
  • Fibular shaft rotates internally
62
Q

What is the Osteology of the Ankle and Foot?

A
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Calcneus
  • Talus
  • Cuboid
  • Navicular
  • Three Cuneiforms
  • Five Metatarsals
  • Five Phalanges
63
Q

What is the Arthrology of the Ankle and foot?

A
  • Talocrural joint
  • Subtalar joint
  • Talocalcaneonavicular joint
  • Calcancocuboid joint
  • Transverse tarsal joint
  • Tarsometatarsal joint
  • Metatarsophalangeal joint
  • Interphalangeal joint
64
Q

Describe the Talocrural joint

A
  • Ankle mortise is formed by three components:
    • The distal end of the tibia and its medial malleolus
    • The lateral melleolus of the fibula and inferior tibiofibular ligament
    • The trochlear surface of the talus
  • Three articulations are involved in the talocrural joint:
    • Tibiofibular, Tibiotalar, and Fibulotalar
  • Transversely (medial/lateral), the trochlear surface is gently concave.
    • Trochlear surface is wedge shaped, wider anteriorly than posteriorly
  • Laterally, the talus is triangular shaped and concave in a superior/inferior direction, and convex in an anterior/posterior direction.
    • Articulates with reciprocally curved fibula
    • Medial part of the trochlea surface is comparatively flat, and articulates with the distal end of the tibia, which is also flat
65
Q

Describe the Subtalar joint

A
  • Two seperate articulations; anterior and posterior talocalcaneal
    • Posterior talocalcaneal articulation (subtalar joint proper)
      • Posterior superior articulation is convex in anterior/posterior direction, and concave in medial/lateral direction
        • This articulates with the reciprocally curved posterior part of the inferior surface of the talus
    • Anterior talocalcaneal articulation
      • Consists of obliquely orientated surfaces of biconvex inferior surface of neck and head of talus, restng on the biconcave anterior surface of the calcaneus
        • Anterior talocalcaneal articulation, when describes functionally, also includes the posterior surface of the navicular bone, which articulates with the head of the talus
        • Joint is properly referred to as talocalcaneonavicular joint
66
Q

Describe the Talonavicular joint

A
  • Biconvex head of the talus articulates with the biconcavity, formed by posterior navicular surfaces and upper edge of plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
67
Q

Describe the Calcancocuboid joint

A
  • Anterior calcaneus is concave medial/lateral and convex superior/inferior
    • Posterior cuboid is concave superior/inferior and convex medial/lateral
  • Bony prominence on the inferior/medial surface of the cuboid articulates with the inferior surface of the calcaneus, making a saddle shape deeper
  • Cuboid is the key to the lateral arch
68
Q

Describe the Tarsometatarsal joint

A
  • Proximally, three cuneiforms medially and cuboid laterally
  • Distally bases of five metatarsals
  • 1st metatarsal (MT) is the largest and strongest
  • 2nd MT is the longest
  • 3rd MT articulates primarily with the 3rd cuneiform
  • 4th & 5th MT articulate with the cuboid
69
Q

Describe the Cuneonavicular joint

A
  • Biconvex anterior surface of navicular has three facets to articulate with concave posterior surfaces of the three cuneiform bones
70
Q

Describe the Metatarsophalangeal joint

A
  • Metaarsal heads are convex and proximal phalanges are concave
71
Q

Describe the Interphalangeal joint

A
  • Convex distal aspects of proximal phalanges with concave proximal aspect of distal phalanges
72
Q

What are the Noncontractile structure of the Ankle and Foot?

A
  • Ligaments
    • Deltoid
    • Anterior talofibular
    • Posterior talofibular
    • calcaneofibular
    • calcaneonavicular (spring ligament)
    • Interosseous
    • Bifurcate
    • Plantaraponeurosis
    • Long plantar
    • Short plantar
  • Capsule
  • Bursae
  • Fascia
  • Nerves
  • Vessels
73
Q

Describe the Capsule of the Ankle and Foot

A
  • Talocrural Joint
    • Fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane strengthened by collateral, anterior, and posterior ligaments
      • Thin anteriorly and posteriorly and thickened laterally
  • Subtalar Joint
    • Posterior articulation has an independent capsule with synovial membrane
    • Anterior articulation has capsule with synovial membrane that includes the talonavicular joint
  • Talonavicular Joint
    • Fibrous capsule with synovial lining is shared with anterior subtalar joint
  • Calcaneocuboid joint
    • Independent fibrous capsule with synovial membrane independent from other tarsal articulations
  • Tarsometatarsal (three capsular cavities):
    • 1st MT with medial cuneiform
    • 2nd & 3rd cuneiform capsule is continous with intercuneiform and cuneonavicular joint cavity
    • 3rd cuneiform with base of 4th MT capsule encloses 4th MT with cuboid and 3rd cuneiform
  • Cuneonavicular Joint
    • Continuous with those of intercuneiform and cuneocuboid joints, as is its synovial cavity
    • Capsule is connected to 2nd & 4th MT bones
  • Metatarsalphalangeal joint
    • Fibrous capsule present for each articulation
  • Interphalangeal joint
    • Fibrous capsule present for each articulation
74
Q

Describe the Ligaments of the Talocrural Joint

A
  • Medial Collateral Ligament (deep fibers)
    • Anterior talotibial ligament
    • Posterior talotibial ligament
  • Medial Collateral Ligament (superficial fibers)
    • Deltoid ligament
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament
    • Anterior talofibular ligament
    • Calcaneofibular ligament
    • Posterior talofibular ligament
75
Q

Describe the Ligaments of the Subtalar joint

A
  • Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
    • two fibrous bands taut with eversion
  • Lateral talocalcaneal ligament
  • Posterior talocalcaneal ligament
  • Medial talocalcaneal ligament
76
Q

Describe the Ligaments of the Talonavicular joint

A
  • Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)
  • Dorsal talonavicular ligament
77
Q

Describe the Ligaments of the Calcaneocuboid joint

A
  • Medial band of the bifurcate ligament (lateral calcaneocuboid ligament)
  • Medial calcaneocuboid (lateral band of the bifurcate ligament)
  • Long plantar ligament (superficial plantar calcaneocuboid)
  • Plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar)
78
Q

Describe the Ligaments of the Tarsometatarsal joint

A
  • Medially, Dorsal ligament runs from medial cuneiform to base of 2nd MT
  • Laterally, Dorsal ligaments with straight fibers from middle cuneiform to 2nd MT, lateral cuneiform to 3rd MT
    • Cruciate fibers from lateral cuneiform to 2nd MT and middle cuneiform to 3rd MT
79
Q

Describe the Ligaments of the Cuneonavicular joint

A
  • 3 dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments
    • one attached to each cuneiform
  • Plantar ligaments have similar attachments and receive slips from tendons of posterior tibialis muscle
80
Q

Describe the Ligaments of the Metatarsalphalangeal joint

A
  • Plantar ligaments
  • Collateral ligaments
81
Q

Describe the Ligaments of the Interphalangeal joint

A
  • Plantar ligaments
  • Collateral ligaments
82
Q

Describe the Plantar fascia

A
  • Also known as the plantar aponeurosis
  • A broad, dense band of longitudinally arranged collagen fibers that can be divided into three components, running from medial calcaneus to phalanges
  • Fascia tightens woth dorsiflexion of MTP joints as occurs during push off
    • Known as “windlass effect”
    • Tightening of this fascia causes supination of calcaneus and inversion of subtalar joint, creating a rigid lever for push off
83
Q

Describe the Bursa of the ankle and foot

A
  • Posterior calcaneal bursa
  • Retrocalcaneal bursa
84
Q

Describe the blood supply of the ankle and foot

A
  • Blood comes from the malleolar rami of anterior tibial and fibular arteries
85
Q

What nerves innverate the ankle and foot?

A
  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Tibial nerve

Comps (3 decks)

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