Ch. 1: Drug Actions and Body Responses Flashcards

1
Q

a drug effect that is more severe than expected and has the potential to damage tissue or cause serious health problems. it may also be called a toxic effect or toxicity and usually requires intervention by prescriber

A

adverse effect or adverse drug reactoin

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2
Q

an extrinsic drug that activates the receptor site of a cell and mimics the actions of naturally occuring drugs

A

agonist

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3
Q

type of andverse effect in which the presence of the drug stimulates the release of histamine and other body chemicals that cause inflammatory reactions. the response may be as mild as a rash or as severe and life threatening as anaphylaxis

A

allergic response

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4
Q

an extrinsic drug that blocks the receptor site of a cell, preventing the naturally occuring substance from binding to the receptor

A

antagonist

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5
Q

the percentage of a drug dose that actually reaches the blood

A

bioavailability

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6
Q

a notice that a drug may produce serious or even life-threatening effect s in some people in addition to its beneficial effects

A

black box warning

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7
Q

manufacturer owned name of a generic drug; also called “trade name” or “proprietary name”

A

brand name

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8
Q

drug action that is intended to kill a cell or organism

A

cytotoxic

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9
Q

the extent that a drug absorbed into the blood stream spreads into the three body water components

A

distribution

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10
Q

any small molecule that changes any body function by working at the chemical and cell levels

A

drug

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11
Q

the planned use of a drug to prevent or improve a health problem

A

drug therapy

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12
Q

the length of time a drug is present in the blood at or above the level needed to produce an effect or response

A

duration of action

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13
Q

the inactivtion or removal or drugs from the body accomplished by certain body systems

A

elimination

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14
Q

movement of drugs fromt he outside of the body to the inside using the GI tract

A

enteral route

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15
Q

drugs that are man made or derived from other species; not made by the human body

A

extrinsic drugs

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16
Q

rapid activation or elimination of oral drugs as a result of liver metabolism

A

first pass loss

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17
Q

national and international public drug name created by the US Adoptened Names Council to indicate the usual use of chemical composition of a drug

A

generic name

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18
Q

time span needed for one half of a drug dose to be eliminated

A

half life

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19
Q

natural products made from plants that cause a resoponse in the body similar to that of a drug; also called botanical

A

herbals

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20
Q

drug that has an increased risk of causing patient harm if used in error

A

high alert drug

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21
Q

desired effect, main effect, of a drug on a specific body tissue or system; therapeutic response

A

intended action

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22
Q

hormones, enzymes, growth factors, and other chemicals made by the body that change the activity of cells

A

intrinsic drugs

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23
Q

the first dose of a drug that is larger than all subsequent doses of the same drug; used when it takes more drug to reach steady state than it does to maintain it

A

loading dose

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24
Q

exactly how, at the cellular level, a drug changes the activity of a cell

A

mechanism of action

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25
Q

any small molecule that changes any body function by working at the chemical and cell levels

A

medication

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26
Q

chemical reaction in the body that change sthe chemical shape and content of a drug, preparing the drug for inactivation and eliminatoin

A

metabolism

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27
Q

the smallest amount of a drug necessary in the blood or target tissue to result in a measurable intended action

A

minimum effective concentration (MEC)

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28
Q

drugs that are approved for purchase without a prescription

A

over the counter

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29
Q

movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside of the body by injection

A

parenteral route

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30
Q

maximum blood drug level

A

peak

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31
Q

movement of drug from the outside of the body to the inside through the skin or mucus membranes

A

percutaneous route

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32
Q

unexpected adverse effects that are unique to the patient and not related to the mechanism of action of the drug. they are also called idiosyncratic responses

A

personal responses

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33
Q

ways in which drugs work to change body function

A

pharmacodynamics

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34
Q

how the body changes drugs; drug metabolism

A

pharmacokinetics

35
Q

the science and study of drugs and their actions on living animals

A

pharmacololgy

36
Q

the change in body function as an outcome of the mechanism of action of a drug

A

physiologic effect

37
Q

the strenght of the intended action produced at a given drug dose

A

potency

38
Q

an order written or dictated by a state approved prescriber for specific drug therapy for a specific patient

A

prescription

39
Q

the legal status of any drug that is considered unsafe for self medication or has a potential for addiction and is only availably by prescription written by a state approved health care professional

A

prescription drugs

40
Q

physical place on or in a cell where a drug can bind and interact

A

receptor

41
Q

the trapping of drugs within certain body tissues delaying their elimination and extending their duration of interaction

A

sequestration

42
Q

any minor effect of a drug on body cells or tissues that is not the intended action of a drug

A

side effect

43
Q

point at which drug elimination is balanced with drug entry, resulting in a constant effective blood level of the drug

A

steady state

44
Q

the actual cells or tissue effected by the mechanism of action or intended actions of a specific drug

A

target tissue

45
Q

type of percutaneous drug delivery in which the drug is applied to the skin, passes through the skin, and enters the blood stream

A

transdermal

46
Q

the lowest or minimum blood drug level

A

trough level

47
Q

changes of a drug from a liquid form to a gas that can be absorbed into the body by inhalation

A

vaporized

48
Q

PINCH

A

potassium, insulin, narcotics (opioids), cancer chemotherapy agents, and heparin or any other drug that strongly effects blood clotting - high alert drugs

49
Q

what does the effectiveness of an agonist drug depend on?

A

how tightly and how long it binds to its receptor on the cells

50
Q

what are the symptoms of anaphylaxis?

A

tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, hives on the skin, swelling of the face, mouth and throat, weak, thready pulse, a sense that something bad is happening

51
Q

if the entire drug dose enters the blood stream what is the bioavailability of that drug? what if only part of the drug entered the blood stream?

A

if the entire drug entered the blood stream, bioavailability is at 100%, if only part of the drug entered, it is less than 100%

52
Q

which drug entrance route has 100% bioavailability

A

parenteral

53
Q

which drug route has the least predictable absorption pattern

A

oral drugs

54
Q

which drugs usually require higher doses?

A

those given by mouth because absorption is effected by anything occuring in the stomach or intestines

55
Q

which route has the most rapid drug entry?

A

intraarterial and intravenous

56
Q

do most drugs exert their mechanism of action while in the blood stream?

A

no, the blood stream is just the road way for the drug to make it to its target cell

57
Q

what are the three compartements that drugs are distributed into?

A

blood stream (first drug compartment), interstitial space (second drug compartment), and intracellular space (third drug compartment

58
Q

drug distribution and activity are reduced in which body state? why?

A

dehydration - most drugs do not act in the blood stream and a decrease in blood volume or pressure slows the speed in which they can reach the tissues they need to get to

59
Q

what does metabolism do for drugs?

A

it changes the chemical structure. it can activate them, inactivate them, or prepare them for elimination

60
Q

why are loading doses used for drugs that have a longer half-life?

A

because it is used to get the blood level up to the MEC as fast as possible and once the MEC is achieved, all other doses can be smaller and still maintain it because the drug has a long half-life and is eliminated slowly

61
Q

which age groups have higher rates of metabolism than adults?

A

toddlers, preschool children, school-age children, and adolescents

62
Q

what is the BUN (blood urea nitrogen) level

A

10-20 mg

63
Q

creatinine levels

A

males - 0.6-1.3 mg

females - 0.5-1 mg

64
Q

what should be known before giving a drug?

A

the renal status of any person

65
Q

why do infants need a higher dose in terms of milligrams per kilogram than a toddler or older child would?

A

because they have more total body water than older children and adults and this means that drugs that easily dissolve in water spread through more water and are lost by the kidney more rapidly (they are more dilute)

66
Q

drugs that can cause birth defects

A

teratogenic or teratogens

67
Q

when is the risk for drugs to cause birth defects the highest?

A

from the third week to the eighth week of pregnancy

68
Q

adequate well-controlled research studies that have included pregnant women have not shown the drug to have an increased risk for birth defects or problems with the fetus

A

pregnancy category A

69
Q

a drug is placed in this category if: ther have been no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women, but animal studies have been done and do not show the drug to have an increased risk to the fetus or animal studies do show an increased risk for problems in the fetus but adequate well-controlled studies that have included pregnant women have shown no increased risk to the fetus

A

pregnancy category B

70
Q

drug that has had no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women, but animal studies have been done and show it to have an increased risk for problems or no animal studies have been done and there are no well-controlled studies testing this drug that have included pregnant women

A

pregnancy category C

71
Q

drugs that have had adequate well-controlled or observational studies in pregnant women that have an increased risk to the fetus shown

A

pregnancy category D

72
Q

drugs that have had well-controlled or observational studies in pregnant women or in animals and have a greatly increased risk of fetal abnormalities. these drugs should not be given to women who are pregnant or may become pregnant

A

pregnancy category X

73
Q

what are the most important organs for drug metabolism and elimination

A

liver and kidneys

74
Q

what drug does cimetidine (Tagamet) enhance the action of and, in turn, increase the risk for adverse effects?

A

quinidine (Quinadure, Quinidex)

75
Q

what affect does ciprofloxacin (Cipro) have when taken with warfarin (Coumadin)

A

it increases the blood concentration of warfarin, increasing the risk for bleeding

76
Q

ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve) reduce the effectiveness of which drugs?

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor antihypertensives such as captopril (Capoten)

77
Q

Grapefruit juice greatly increases the activity of many drugs including…

A

felodipine (Plendil), midazolam (Versed), and lovastatin (Mevacor)

78
Q

St John’s wort can reduce the effectiveness of many drugs. what are three?

A

digoxin (Lanoxin), warfarin (Coumadin), and oral contraceptives (birth control pills)

79
Q

movement of a drug from the outside of the body into the bloodstream

A

absorption

80
Q

what are the normal levels of albumin in the blood?

A

3.5-5 g/dL - decreased values indicate possible kidney disease

81
Q

what are normal levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?

A

3-35 iu/L or 8-20 units/L - increased values indicate possible liver disease

82
Q

what are the normal levels of ammonia in the blood?

A

15-110 mg/dL - increased levels may indicated possible liver disease

83
Q

what are normal BUN levels?

A

10-20 mg/dL

84
Q

what are normal creatinine levels for males and for females?

A

males - 0.6-1.3 mg/dL

females - 0.5-1 mg/dL