Ch. 1: Drug Actions and Body Responses

Question 1

a drug effect that is more severe than expected and has the potential to damage tissue or cause serious health problems. it may also be called a toxic effect or toxicity and usually requires intervention by prescriber

Answer 1

adverse effect or adverse drug reactoin

Question 2

an extrinsic drug that activates the receptor site of a cell and mimics the actions of naturally occuring drugs

Answer 2

agonist

Question 3

type of andverse effect in which the presence of the drug stimulates the release of histamine and other body chemicals that cause inflammatory reactions. the response may be as mild as a rash or as severe and life threatening as anaphylaxis

Answer 3

allergic response

Question 4

an extrinsic drug that blocks the receptor site of a cell, preventing the naturally occuring substance from binding to the receptor

Answer 4

antagonist

Question 5

the percentage of a drug dose that actually reaches the blood

Answer 5

bioavailability

Question 6

a notice that a drug may produce serious or even life-threatening effect s in some people in addition to its beneficial effects

Answer 6

black box warning

Question 7

manufacturer owned name of a generic drug; also called “trade name” or “proprietary name”

Answer 7

brand name

Question 8

drug action that is intended to kill a cell or organism

Answer 8

cytotoxic

Question 9

the extent that a drug absorbed into the blood stream spreads into the three body water components

Answer 9

distribution

Question 10

any small molecule that changes any body function by working at the chemical and cell levels

Answer 10

drug

Question 11

the planned use of a drug to prevent or improve a health problem

Answer 11

drug therapy

Question 12

the length of time a drug is present in the blood at or above the level needed to produce an effect or response

Answer 12

duration of action

Question 13

the inactivtion or removal or drugs from the body accomplished by certain body systems

Answer 13

elimination

Question 14

movement of drugs fromt he outside of the body to the inside using the GI tract

Answer 14

enteral route

Question 15

drugs that are man made or derived from other species; not made by the human body

Answer 15

extrinsic drugs

Question 16

rapid activation or elimination of oral drugs as a result of liver metabolism

Answer 16

first pass loss

Question 17

national and international public drug name created by the US Adoptened Names Council to indicate the usual use of chemical composition of a drug

Answer 17

generic name

Question 18

time span needed for one half of a drug dose to be eliminated

Answer 18

half life

Question 19

natural products made from plants that cause a resoponse in the body similar to that of a drug; also called botanical

Answer 19

herbals

Question 20

drug that has an increased risk of causing patient harm if used in error

Answer 20

high alert drug

Question 21

desired effect, main effect, of a drug on a specific body tissue or system; therapeutic response

Answer 21

intended action

Question 22

hormones, enzymes, growth factors, and other chemicals made by the body that change the activity of cells

Answer 22

intrinsic drugs

Question 23

the first dose of a drug that is larger than all subsequent doses of the same drug; used when it takes more drug to reach steady state than it does to maintain it

Answer 23

loading dose

Question 24

exactly how, at the cellular level, a drug changes the activity of a cell

Answer 24

mechanism of action

Question 25

any small molecule that changes any body function by working at the chemical and cell levels

Answer 25

medication

Question 26

chemical reaction in the body that change sthe chemical shape and content of a drug, preparing the drug for inactivation and eliminatoin

Answer 26

metabolism

Question 27

the smallest amount of a drug necessary in the blood or target tissue to result in a measurable intended action

Answer 27

minimum effective concentration (MEC)

Question 28

drugs that are approved for purchase without a prescription

Answer 28

over the counter

Question 29

movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside of the body by injection

Answer 29

parenteral route

Question 30

maximum blood drug level

Answer 30

peak

Question 31

movement of drug from the outside of the body to the inside through the skin or mucus membranes

Answer 31

percutaneous route

Question 32

unexpected adverse effects that are unique to the patient and not related to the mechanism of action of the drug. they are also called idiosyncratic responses

Answer 32

personal responses

Question 33

ways in which drugs work to change body function

Answer 33

pharmacodynamics

Question 34

how the body changes drugs; drug metabolism

Answer 34

pharmacokinetics

Question 35

the science and study of drugs and their actions on living animals

Answer 35

pharmacololgy

Question 36

the change in body function as an outcome of the mechanism of action of a drug

Answer 36

physiologic effect

Question 37

the strenght of the intended action produced at a given drug dose

Answer 37

potency

Question 38

an order written or dictated by a state approved prescriber for specific drug therapy for a specific patient

Answer 38

prescription

Question 39

the legal status of any drug that is considered unsafe for self medication or has a potential for addiction and is only availably by prescription written by a state approved health care professional

Answer 39

prescription drugs

Question 40

physical place on or in a cell where a drug can bind and interact

Answer 40

receptor

Question 41

the trapping of drugs within certain body tissues delaying their elimination and extending their duration of interaction

Answer 41

sequestration

Question 42

any minor effect of a drug on body cells or tissues that is not the intended action of a drug

Answer 42

side effect

Question 43

point at which drug elimination is balanced with drug entry, resulting in a constant effective blood level of the drug

Answer 43

steady state

Question 44

the actual cells or tissue effected by the mechanism of action or intended actions of a specific drug

Answer 44

target tissue

Question 45

type of percutaneous drug delivery in which the drug is applied to the skin, passes through the skin, and enters the blood stream

Answer 45

transdermal

Question 46

the lowest or minimum blood drug level

Answer 46

trough level

Question 47

changes of a drug from a liquid form to a gas that can be absorbed into the body by inhalation

Answer 47

vaporized

Question 48

PINCH

Answer 48

potassium, insulin, narcotics (opioids), cancer chemotherapy agents, and heparin or any other drug that strongly effects blood clotting - high alert drugs

Question 49

what does the effectiveness of an agonist drug depend on?

Answer 49

how tightly and how long it binds to its receptor on the cells

Question 50

what are the symptoms of anaphylaxis?

Answer 50

tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, hives on the skin, swelling of the face, mouth and throat, weak, thready pulse, a sense that something bad is happening

Question 51

if the entire drug dose enters the blood stream what is the bioavailability of that drug? what if only part of the drug entered the blood stream?

Answer 51

if the entire drug entered the blood stream, bioavailability is at 100%, if only part of the drug entered, it is less than 100%

Question 52

which drug entrance route has 100% bioavailability

Answer 52

parenteral

Question 53

which drug route has the least predictable absorption pattern

Answer 53

oral drugs

Question 54

which drugs usually require higher doses?

Answer 54

those given by mouth because absorption is effected by anything occuring in the stomach or intestines

Question 55

which route has the most rapid drug entry?

Answer 55

intraarterial and intravenous

Question 56

do most drugs exert their mechanism of action while in the blood stream?

Answer 56

no, the blood stream is just the road way for the drug to make it to its target cell

Question 57

what are the three compartements that drugs are distributed into?

Answer 57

blood stream (first drug compartment), interstitial space (second drug compartment), and intracellular space (third drug compartment

Question 58

drug distribution and activity are reduced in which body state? why?

Answer 58

dehydration - most drugs do not act in the blood stream and a decrease in blood volume or pressure slows the speed in which they can reach the tissues they need to get to

Question 59

what does metabolism do for drugs?

Answer 59

it changes the chemical structure. it can activate them, inactivate them, or prepare them for elimination

Question 60

why are loading doses used for drugs that have a longer half-life?

Answer 60

because it is used to get the blood level up to the MEC as fast as possible and once the MEC is achieved, all other doses can be smaller and still maintain it because the drug has a long half-life and is eliminated slowly

Question 61

which age groups have higher rates of metabolism than adults?

Answer 61

toddlers, preschool children, school-age children, and adolescents

Question 62

what is the BUN (blood urea nitrogen) level

Answer 62

10-20 mg

Question 63

creatinine levels

Answer 63

males - 0.6-1.3 mg | females - 0.5-1 mg

Question 64

what should be known before giving a drug?

Answer 64

the renal status of any person

Question 65

why do infants need a higher dose in terms of milligrams per kilogram than a toddler or older child would?

Answer 65

because they have more total body water than older children and adults and this means that drugs that easily dissolve in water spread through more water and are lost by the kidney more rapidly (they are more dilute)

Question 66

drugs that can cause birth defects

Answer 66

teratogenic or teratogens

Question 67

when is the risk for drugs to cause birth defects the highest?

Answer 67

from the third week to the eighth week of pregnancy

Question 68

adequate well-controlled research studies that have included pregnant women have not shown the drug to have an increased risk for birth defects or problems with the fetus

Answer 68

pregnancy category A

Question 69

a drug is placed in this category if: ther have been no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women, but animal studies have been done and do not show the drug to have an increased risk to the fetus or animal studies do show an increased risk for problems in the fetus but adequate well-controlled studies that have included pregnant women have shown no increased risk to the fetus

Answer 69

pregnancy category B

Question 70

drug that has had no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women, but animal studies have been done and show it to have an increased risk for problems or no animal studies have been done and there are no well-controlled studies testing this drug that have included pregnant women

Answer 70

pregnancy category C

Question 71

drugs that have had adequate well-controlled or observational studies in pregnant women that have an increased risk to the fetus shown

Answer 71

pregnancy category D

Question 72

drugs that have had well-controlled or observational studies in pregnant women or in animals and have a greatly increased risk of fetal abnormalities. these drugs should not be given to women who are pregnant or may become pregnant

Answer 72

pregnancy category X

Question 73

what are the most important organs for drug metabolism and elimination

Answer 73

liver and kidneys

Question 74

what drug does cimetidine (Tagamet) enhance the action of and, in turn, increase the risk for adverse effects?

Answer 74

quinidine (Quinadure, Quinidex)

Question 75

what affect does ciprofloxacin (Cipro) have when taken with warfarin (Coumadin)

Answer 75

it increases the blood concentration of warfarin, increasing the risk for bleeding

Question 76

ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve) reduce the effectiveness of which drugs?

Answer 76

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor antihypertensives such as captopril (Capoten)

Question 77

Grapefruit juice greatly increases the activity of many drugs including...

Answer 77

felodipine (Plendil), midazolam (Versed), and lovastatin (Mevacor)

Question 78

St John's wort can reduce the effectiveness of many drugs. what are three?

Answer 78

digoxin (Lanoxin), warfarin (Coumadin), and oral contraceptives (birth control pills)

Question 79

movement of a drug from the outside of the body into the bloodstream

Answer 79

absorption

Question 80

what are the normal levels of albumin in the blood?

Answer 80

3.5-5 g/dL - decreased values indicate possible kidney disease

Question 81

what are normal levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?

Answer 81

3-35 iu/L or 8-20 units/L - increased values indicate possible liver disease

Question 82

what are the normal levels of ammonia in the blood?

Answer 82

15-110 mg/dL - increased levels may indicated possible liver disease

Question 83

what are normal BUN levels?

Answer 83

10-20 mg/dL

Question 84

what are normal creatinine levels for males and for females?

Answer 84

males - 0.6-1.3 mg/dL | females - 0.5-1 mg/dL