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BIOL 1190 > ch 1 class > Flashcards

ch 1 class Flashcards

1
Q

define dissection

A

careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

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2
Q

define anatomy and physiology

A

anatomy: study of body structures and their relationship among structures

physiology: study of the body functions

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3
Q

name some branches of anatomy

A

developmental biology, embryology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, imaging anatomy, clinical anatomy, pathological anatomy

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4
Q

what is developmental biology

A

branch of anatomy, the growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death

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5
Q

what is embryology

A

branch of anatomy, first 8 weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; earliest stage of developmental biology

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6
Q

what is cell biology

A

branch of anatomy, cellular structure and functions

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7
Q

what is histology

A

branch of anatomy, microscopic structure of tissues

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8
Q

what is systemic anatomy

A

structure of specific systems of the body

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9
Q

what is regional anatomy

A

specific regions of the body (head, chest)

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10
Q

what is surface (topographical) anatomy

A

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)

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11
Q

what is imaging anatomy

A

internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, CT scans, MRI

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12
Q

what is clinical anatomy

A

application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences

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13
Q

what are some branches of physiology

A

molecular physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, and pathophysiology

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14
Q

what is molecular physiology

A

functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

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15
Q

what is neurophysiology

A

functional properties of nerve cells

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16
Q

endocrinology

A

functional properties of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood)

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17
Q

cardiovascular physiology

A

functions of the heart and blood vessels

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18
Q

immunology

A

body’s defence against disease-causing agents

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19
Q

respiratory physiology

A

functions of the air passageways and lungs

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20
Q

renal physiology

A

functions of the kidney

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21
Q

exercise physiology

A

changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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22
Q

pathophysiology

A

functional changes associated with disease and aging

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23
Q

what are the six levels of structural organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organismal

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24
Q

explain the chemical level of structural organization

A
  • atoms (C, H, O, N, P, Ca, S) join to form larger molecules
  • the 4 macromolecules in our body are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
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25
explain the cellular level of structural organization
- cells are the basic structural and functional living units of an organisms -smalled living units in the human body -stem cells differentiate to become specialized cells with different functions
26
explain the tissue level of structural organization
-tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
27
explain the organ level of structural organization
- organ: composed of two or more different tissue types - have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes
28
explain the system level of structural organization
- system: related organs that have a common function
29
explain the organismal level of structural organization
organism: any living indv
30
what are the 11 systems of the human organism
digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphoid, urinary, genital
31
what are the 4 tissue types
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular
32
integumentary system
skin and associated structures (finger/toenail, sweat glands, oil glands) - function: protects body; regular body temperature, eliminates waste, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations (pain, warmth, cold), stores fat for insulation
33
skeletal system
bones, joints and associated cartilage - function: supports and protects body, SA for muscle attachments, movement, houses blood cells, mineral and lipid storage,
34
muscular system
skeletal muscle tissue - function: body movement, maintains posture, heat production
35
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerv es, special sense organs (ears, eyes) - function: generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in internal and external environment, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions (homeostasis)
36
endocrine system
hormone-producing glands (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid glands, ovaries, testes) -function: regulates body activities by releasing hormones
37
cardiovascular system
blood, heart, blood vessels -function: pumpts blood through blood vessels, transports oxygen and nutrients to body, eliminates waste (nitrogen-waste and CO2), regulates acid-base balance, temperature, and water contents of body fluids - blood components defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
38
lymphoid system
lymphatic fluid (lymph plasma), lymph vessels, nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils - function: returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to blood, site of natural and proliferation of B and T cells (protect against disease-causing microbes)
39
respiratory system
lungs and air passageways (pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes) -function: transfer oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air, regulates acid-base balance of body fluids, produce sound through vocal cords
40
digestive system
gastrointestinal tract organs: mouth, salivatory glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, liver, small and large intestines, rectum, anus
41
urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra -function: produces, stores and eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, maintain acid-base balance of body fluids, mineral balance, regulate production of rbc
42
genital (reproductive) system
gonads (testes, ovaries) - uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, ovaires, mammary gland - epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, penis, testes)
43
what are the 6 life processes in humans
reproduction, growth, responsiveness, differentiation, movement, metabolism (catabolism, anabolism)
44
define homeostasis
maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment produces by the interplay of all the body's regulatory processes
45
which two systems are the main contributors to maintaining homeostasis, and how
nervous system: detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract changes in controlled conditions endocrine system: regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones
46
what are the 3 components of the feedback loop
receptors: monitors changes in a controlled condition and send input to control center (afferent pathway) control center: sets the value at which control condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors and generates output commands when needed (efferent) effectors: receive output from control center and produces a response (effect) that alters the controlled condition
46
what are the 3 components of the feedback loop
receptors: monitors changes in a controlled condition and send input to control center (afferent pathway) control center: sets the value at which control condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors and generates output commands when needed (efferent) effectors: receive output from control center and produces a response (effect) that alters the controlled condition
47
ex of negative feedback
regulation of blood pressure - stimulus: rises blood pressure - baroreceptors: pressure-sensitive nerve cells in blood send impulses to brain - brain: control center, sends output to heart -heart (effector): heart rate decreases to normal
48
ex of positive feedback
childbirth - stimulus: stretching of cervix - receptors: stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix sends input to brain -control center: brain, responds by releasing oxytocin (output) - effector: uterus, oxytocin stimulates uterus to contract more forcefully - more oxytocin is released as cervix is stretched and contractions are more forceful, cycle is broken with birth of baby
49
anatomical position
subject stands erect facing observer, head is levelled, eyes face directly forward, feet flat and directed forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward
50
what are the principal regions
head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs
51
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure ex: the ascending colon and gallbladder are ipsilateral
52
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure ex: the gallbladder and ascending colon are contralateralal
53
name and explain all the planes
sagittal: longitude plane that divides body into left and right sections midsagittal: sagittal plane along midline parasagittal: unequal right and left sides coronal: anterior and posterior transverse: inferior and superior oblique: not a 90degree angle
54
cranial cavity
formed by cranial bones and contains brain -meninges lining
55
vertebral canal
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves - meninges lining
56
thoracic cavity
chest cavity, contains pleural, pericardial and mediastinum - pleural cavity: (2), each contains a lunc - pericardial cavity: contains heart -mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity, extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, contains all thoracic viscera organs except for lungs -serous membrane of lung: pleura -serous membrane of heart: pericardium
57
abdominopelvic cavity
subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities - abdominal cavity: stomach, spleen, gall bladder, liver, small intestine, most of large intestine, serous membrane: peritoneum -serous membrane: peritoneum - pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, portions of large intestines, internal organs of reproduction -membrane:
58
serous membrane of the lung
pleura
59
serous membrane of the heart
pericardium
60
serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
61
what separates the abdominal and thoracic cavity
diaphragm
62
organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
viscera
63
where in the 4 quadrants are the following located Stomach: Gallbladder: Liver: Pancreas: Spleen: Ascending colon: Descending colon: Transverse colon: Appendix: Hepatic flexure: Splenic flexure:
Stomach: RUQ and LUQ Gallbladder: RUQ Liver: RUQ and LUQ Pancreas: RUQ Spleen: LUQ Ascending colon: RLQ Descending colon: LLQ Transverse colon: RUQ and LUQ Appendix: RLQ Hepatic flexure: RUQ Splenic flexure: LUQ
64
2 parts of the serous membrane
parietal - lines cavites visceral - covers viscera - fluid in btw
64
2 parts of the serous membrane
parietal - lines cavites visceral - covers viscera - fluid in btw
65
palpation vs auscultation vs percussion
palpation: gentle touching auscultation: listening to body sounds (stethoscope) percussion:
66
Abnormal fluid accumulation in the lungs would be detected during breathing by
auscultation

BIOL 1190 (4 decks)

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