Ch. 1, Ch. 4, Ch. 10 - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Classification Flashcards
1 Identify the six types of microorganisms plus helminths and describe the characteristics of each, including cellular structures (such as cell walls, prokaryote or eukaryote), metabolism (heterotroph, autotroph, phototroph, etc.) examples of each, where they live, and diseases or uses associated with the microorganisms
Bacteria, including cyanobacteria
- Bacteria are relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms.
- Prokaryotes
- Bacteria are enclosed in cell walls that are largely composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- Bacteria generally reproduce by dividing into two equal cells; this process is called BINARY FISSION.
- For nutrition, most bacteria use organic chemicals, which in nature can be derived from either dead or living organisms.
- Some bacteria can manufacture their own food by photosynthesis, and some can derive nutrition from inorganic substances.
1 Identify the six types of microorganisms plus helminths and describe the characteristics of each, including cellular structures (such as cell walls, prokaryote or eukaryote), metabolism (heterotroph, autotroph, phototroph, etc.) examples of each, where they live, and diseases or uses associated with the microorganisms
Archaea
- Prokaryote
- If they have cell walls, they lack PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- Often found in extreme environments, divided into three main groups
- Methanogens
- produce methane as a waste product from respiration
- The Extreme Halophiles
- live in extremely salty environments, e.g. Great Salt Lake & the Dead Sea
- The Extreme Thermophiles
- live in hot sulfurous water, such as hot springs in Yellowstone
- Methanogens
-Archaea not known to cause disease in humans
1 Identify the six types of microorganisms plus helminths and describe the characteristics of each, including cellular structures (such as cell walls, prokaryote or eukaryote), metabolism (heterotroph, autotroph, phototroph, etc.) examples of each, where they live, and diseases or uses associated with the microorganisms
Fungi
-Eukaryotes, uni or multicellular
-organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell’s genetic
material (DNA), surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane.
- Large multicellular fungi, such as mushrooms, may look somewhat like plants, but unlike most plants, fungi cannot carry out photosynthesis.
- True fungi have cell walls composed primarily of a substance called CHITIN.
- The unicellular forms of fungi, YEASTS, are oval microorganisms that are larger than bacteria
- The most typical fungi are MOLDS.
-Molds form visible masses called
MYCELIA, which are composed of long filaments (HYPHAE) that
branch and intertwine.
-The cottony growths sometimes found on
bread and fruit are mold MYCELIA.
-Fungi can reproduce sexually
or asexually.
-They obtain nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment—whether soil, seawater,
freshwater, or an animal or plant host.
-Organisms called slime molds have characteristics of both fungi and amoebas.
Fungi are in the Fungi kingdom. Fungi are
chemoheterotrophs and acquire food by
absorption. With the exception of yeasts, fungi are multicellular. Most reproduce with sexual and asexual spores.
1 Identify the six types of microorganisms plus helminths and describe the characteristics of each, including cellular structures (such as cell walls, prokaryote or eukaryote), metabolism (heterotroph, autotroph, phototroph, etc.) examples of each, where they live, and diseases or uses associated with the microorganisms
Algae
- photosynthetic eukaryotes
- wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms
- The cell walls of many algae, are composed of a carbohydrate called CELLULOSE.
-Algae are abundant in freshwater and salt water, in soil, and in association
with plants.
-As photosynthesizers, algae need light, water, and carbon dioxide for food production and growth, but they do not
generally require organic compounds from the environment.
-As a result of photosynthesis, algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates
that are then utilized by other organisms, including animals.
Algae belong to several kingdoms and can
reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are photoautotrophs and produce several different photosynthetic pigments. They obtain nutrients by diffusion. Some are multicellular, forming colonies, filaments, or even tissues. A few produce toxins.
1 Identify the six types of microorganisms plus helminths and describe the characteristics of each, including cellular structures (such as cell walls, prokaryote or eukaryote), metabolism (heterotroph, autotroph, phototroph, etc.) examples of each, where they live, and diseases or uses associated with the microorganisms
Protozoa
-unicellular eukaryotic microbes
-Protozoa move by pseudopods,
flagella, or cilia.
-Amebae move by using extensions
of their cytoplasm called pseudopods (false feet).
-Other protozoa have long flagella or numerous shorter appendages for locomotion called CILIA
-Protozoa have a variety of shapes and live either as free entities or as parasites (organisms that derive nutrients from
living hosts) that absorb or ingest organic compounds from their
environment.
- Some protozoa, such as Euglena, are photosynthetic.
- They use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as their chief source of carbon to produce sugars.
-Protozoa can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Most are chemoheterotrophic, but a few are photoautotrophic. They obtain nutrients by absorption oringestion. All are unicellular, and many are motile. Parasitic protozoans often form resistant
cysts.
1 Identify the six types of microorganisms plus helminths and describe the characteristics of each, including cellular structures (such as cell walls, prokaryote or eukaryote), metabolism (heterotroph, autotroph, phototroph, etc.) examples of each, where they live, and diseases or uses associated with the microorganisms
Helmniths
-eukaryote, multicellular animals
Helminths are multicellular animals.
-They are chemoheterotrophs.
-Most obtain nutrients by ingestion through a mouth; some are absorptive.
-Parasitic helminths often have elaborate life cycles including egg, larva, and adult.
1 Identify the six types of microorganisms plus helminths and describe the characteristics of each, including cellular structures (such as cell walls, prokaryote or eukaryote), metabolism (heterotroph, autotroph, phototroph, etc.) examples of each, where they live, and diseases or uses associated with the microorganisms
and #2 Describe the differences between viruses and other microorganisms. Why aren’t viruses alive?
Viruses are very different from the other microbial groups mentioned here.
-They are so small that most can
be seen only with an electron microscope, and they are acellular (not cellular).
-Structurally very simple, a virus particle
contains a core made of only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.
-This core is surrounded by a protein coat, which is sometimes encased by a lipid membrane called an envelope.
- All living cells have RNA and DNA, can carry out chemical reactions, and can reproduce as self-sufficient units.
- Viruses can reproduce only by using the cellular machinery of other organisms.
- Thus, on the one hand, viruses are considered to be living only when they multiply within host cells they infect.
- In this sense, viruses are parasites of other forms of life.
-On the other hand, viruses are not considered to be living because they are
inert outside living hosts.
3 What are the differences and similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
1-3
Prokaryote-
1. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome. (Some bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae, have two chromosomes, and some bacteria have a linearly arranged chromosome.)
Eukaryote-
1. Their DNA is found in the cell’s nucleus, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, and the DNA is
found in multiple chromosomes
P-
2. Their DNA is not associated with histones (special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes); other proteins are associated
with the DNA.
E-
2. Their DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with nonhistones.
P-
3. They lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
E-
3. They have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles, including
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and sometimes chloroplasts
3 What are the differences and similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
4-5
P-
4. Their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan.
E-
4. Their cell walls, when present, are chemically simple.
P-
5. They usually divide by binary fission. During this process, the DNA is copied, and the cell splits into two cells. Binary
fission involves fewer structures and processes than eukaryotic cell division.
E-
5. Cell division usually involves mitosis, in which chromosomes replicate and an identical set is distributed into each
of two nuclei. This process is guided by the mitotic spindle, a football-shaped assembly of microtubules. Division of the
cytoplasm and other organelles follows so that the two cells produced are identical to each other.
4 What are the names and functions of the membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes?
Names
Chloroplasts Golgi body Lysosomes Mitochondria Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosome
4 What are the names and functions of the membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes?
Functions
Chloroplasts
-site of photosynthesis
Golgi body
-Processing area for proteins coming from Rough ER. Functions in membrane formation and protein secretion
Lysosomes
-they are WBC’s, contains digestive enzymes, or a phagocyte where it will swallow a bacteria to fight it off
Mitochondria
-primary sites of ATP production
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-protein synthesis and transport
5 Identify the three domains of the 3-domain classification system and describe the kinds of organisms in each domain
3 Domains
Bacteria- prokaryote, 1 cell
Archae- prokaryote, 1 cell
Eukarya
- Animalia- Helminth- eukaryote, multicellular animals
- Protista
- Protozoa (1 cell, "animal like") eukaryote & Algae (1 cell or multicellular) - eukaryote
- Fungi- eukaryote, 1 cell or multicellular
- Plants- eukaryote
6 What is Binomial nomenclature? Write the specific name of an organism using binomial nomenclature.
Every organism is assigned two names, or a binomial. These names are the genus
name and specific epithet (species), and both names are printed underlined or italicized. The genus name is always capitalized and is always a noun. The species name is lowercase and is usually an adjective. Because this system gives two names to each organism, the system is called binomial nomenclature
Penicillium chrysogenum (fungus)
Salmonella enterica (bacterium)
Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterium)
Escherichia coli
7 What cell structures are found only in eukaryotes? What are the functions of these structures
Nuclear Membrane or nucleoli
-protect nucleus. nucleoli are condensed regions of chromosomes where rRNA is being synthesized.
Chloroplasts
-site of photosynthesis
Golgi body
-Processing area for proteins coming from Rough ER. Functions in membrane formation and protein secretion
Lysosomes
-they are WBC’s, contains digestive enzymes, or a phagocyte where it will swallow a bacteria to fight it off
Mitochondria
-primary sites of ATP production
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-protein synthesis and transport
