CH 1 Bonding and Molecular Structure

Question 1

organic chemistry

Answer 1

the chemistry of compounds that contain the element carbon

Question 2

chemistry

Answer 2

the study of matter and energy associated with its physical and chemical changes

Question 3

valence electron

Answer 3

an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules

Question 4

octet rule

Answer 4

the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell.

Question 5

resonance theory

Answer 5

a theory by which the actual normal state of a molecule is represented not by a single valence-bond structure but by a combination of several alternative distinct structures

Question 6

orbital

Answer 6

a particle description of the quantum state of an electron (or other particle) orbiting the nucleus of an atom; no more that 2 electrons can coexist in a single orbital because of the Pauli exclusion principle

Question 7

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Answer 7

states no two electrons can have the identical quantum mechanical state in the same atom

Question 8

Hesenberg Uncertainty Principle

Answer 8

the scientific principle stating that it is impossible to determine with perfect accuracy both the position and momentum of a particle at any given point in time

Question 9

VSERP Model (valence shell electron pair repulsion)

Answer 9

a model used to predict the geometry of molecules based on minimizind the electrostatic repulsion of a molecule’s valencs electrons around a central atom

Question 10

structure theory

Answer 10

the atoms in organic compounds can form a fixed number of bonds using their outer most shell (valence) electrons

Question 11

isomers

Answer 11

different compounds that have the same molecular formula

Question 12

constitutional isomers

Answer 12

different compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in their connectivity

Question 13

ionic bond

Answer 13

a attractive force between oppositely charged ions usually involving a metal and a nonmetal

Question 14

covalent bonds

Answer 14

form by sharing electrons usually involving nonmetals; they melt lower than ionic compounds; some covalent bonds have ionic tendencies

Question 15

molecules

Answer 15

are composed of atome joined exclusively or predominantly by covalent bonds

Question 16

atomic orbital

Answer 16

the region of space where one or two electrons of an isolated atom are likely to be found

Question 17

molecular orbital (MO)

Answer 17

represents the region of space where one or two electrons of a molecule are likely to be found

Question 18

cis-trans isomerism

Answer 18

diastereomers that differ in their stereochemistry at adjacent atoms of a double bond or on different atoms of a ring; cis groups are on the same side of a double bond or ring; trans groups are on opposite sides of a double bond or ring

Question 19

dash structural formulas

Answer 19

indicate tha way in which the atoms are attached to each other and are not representations of the actual shapes of the molecule

Question 20

condensed structural formulas

Answer 20

all of the hydrogen atoms that are attached to a particular carbon are usually written immediately after the carbon

Question 21

bond-line formula

Answer 21

shows the carbon skeleton of a molecule with lines