Ch. 1

Question 1

Overarching Goal

Answer 1

one of the overarching goals that brings the components of the criminal justice system together is the promotion of justice.

Question 2

Retribution

Answer 2

“eye for an eye,” paying debt to society

Question 3

Procedural Justice

Answer 3

due process

was the process fair?

Question 4

Due Process Clause

Answer 4

no person shall “be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”

Question 5

The Process

Answer 5

investigation, arrest, pretrial, adjudication, sentencing, corrections

Question 6

Investigation

Answer 6

gathering evidence (searches, 4th amendment), interviewing witnesses, pursuing suspects

Question 7

Arrest

Answer 7

arrest warrant, probable cause, Miranda rights (miranda v. Arizona (1966), 5th & 6th amendment)

Question 8

Pretrial Activities

Answer 8

initial appearance, preliminary hearing, information or indictment, arraignment

Question 9

Adjudication

Answer 9

case goes to trial (evidence, guilt, determine sentencing)

Question 10

Due Process

Answer 10

presumption of innocence, proof beyond a reasonable doubt, legal counsel, speedy trial, jury trial, defense witnesses, cross examination, protection against self-incrimination, protection against double jeopardy

Question 11

Sentencing

Answer 11

criminal sanction, imposed by judge, sentencing guidelines

Question 12

Corrections

Answer 12

carries out criminal sanctions (jail, prison, community corrections, fines, other sanctions, community service)

Question 13

Measuring Crime

Answer 13

uniform crime report
national incident-based reporting system
national crime victimization survey
self-report studies

Question 14

Uniform Crime Report - UCR

Answer 14

crimes reported to police, submitted to FBI, role of international association of chiefs of police, findings, categorizes crimes as part 1 and part 2 offenses, crime clock, clearance rate, crime trends, least desirable of the crime indicators

Question 15

Part 1 Offenses

Answer 15

criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

Question 16

Part 2 Offenses

Answer 16

curfew loitering violations, disorderly conduct, DUI, drug abuse violations, drunkenness, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, fraud, gambling, liquor laws, offenses against family and children, other assaults, prostitution and commercialized vice, sex offenses, stolen property, suspicion, vagrancy, vandalism, weapons, all other offenses

Question 17

Criticisms of UCR

Answer 17

doesn’t include crimes not reported to police, hierarchical rule, mischaracterizing the crime problem, law enforcement agencies routinely underreport or overreport crime when completing monthly crime reports, doesn’t report in a timely manner, limited in the amount of data that is collected from police agencies

Question 18

Strengths of UCR

Answer 18

reports homicides, easily disaggregated by demographics, long term overall trends in crime, official police activity

Question 19

Weaknesses of UCR

Answer 19

not all police units participate, numbers can be cooked, underreports all crime, inaccurate arrest numbers at the individual level, social emphases can cause artificial increases or declines, increases in decline of police activity can influence numbers

Question 20

National Incident-Based Reporting System - NIBRS

Answer 20

administered by the FBI, created in the late 1980s, 57 offenses, distinguishes between attempted and completed offenses, hierarchical rule doesn’t apply, collects information about weapons used

Question 21

Offenses included in NIBRS - Group A

Answer 21

arson, assault offenses, bribery, burglary, counterfeiting/forgery, destruction/damage/vandalism, drug/narcotic offenses, embezzlement, extortion/blackmail, fraud offenses, gambling offenses, homicide offenses, kidnapping/abduction, larceny/theft offenses, motor vehicle theft, pornography/obscene material, prostitution offenses, robbery, sex offenses (forcible or non forcible), stolen property offenses, weapon law violations

Question 22

Offenses included in NIBRS - Group B

Answer 22

bad checks, curfew/loitering/vagrancy violations, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drunkenness, family offenses (nonviolent), liquor law violations, peeping tom, runaway, trespassing of real property, all other offenses

Question 23

Strengths of NIBRS

Answer 23

more detailed reporting than the UCR, distinguished between completed and attempted offenses, doesn’t use hierarchical rule

Question 24

Weaknesses of NIBRS

Answer 24

still relies on official police activity, numbers are more difficult to cook but it can still be done, underreporting of crime, influenced by social emphases and police activity

Question 25

National Crime Victimization Survey

Answer 25

began in 1972, 24 page survey with questions and subquestions, information about household and personal victimization, stopped including businesses in the mid 1970s, phone interviews now used for follow up, funded by Bureau of Justices Statistics (BJS), collected by US Census Bureau, nationally representative sample of persons 12 and over in roughly 50,000 US households, survey items include victimization questions about: rape, sexual assault, robbery, vehicle theft, battery, burglary, the best of the crime indicators, gives the most true image of crime in the US, typically depicts rates of crime as stable, over the last ten years, the measure indicates crime has been falling

Question 26

Strengths of NCVS

Answer 26

more accurate portrayal of criminal activity than official data, not influenced by official activity, shows crime trends since 1973

Question 27

Weaknesses of NCVS

Answer 27

does not provide arrest information, cannot tell us about individual criminals, relies on memory and judgment

Question 28

Self Report Studies

Answer 28

social scientists give questionnaires to subjects asking them to reveal their own participation in delinquent behavior, often conducted in schools, ISR's monitoring the future is one of the most frequently cited, studies demonstrate that delinquency is much more common than official data suggest, levels of delinquency remain fairly stable over time

Question 29

Strengths of SRS

Answer 29

gives individual-level data about the attitudes, behaviors, and extent of involvement of individual delinquents, allows exploration of the processes involved in creating delinquency, some allow estimates of rates of participation in delinquency, provides data on private or non identified delinquency

Question 30

Weaknesses of SRS

Answer 30

concerns about honesty, exaggerated reporting, recall about specific behaviors is difficult, often not representative samples, drug use may be the most underreported behavior

Question 31

Defining Crime

Answer 31

legal definitions: a violation of law, product of legislative process, different criminal codes for each state along with a federal code

Question 32

Moral Definitions of Crime

Answer 32

an act of immorality, malum prohibitum and malum in se, morals as "higher law", moral relativism

Question 33

Sociological Definitions of Crime

Answer 33

emile Durkheim - crime and punishment serve a purpose beyond protecting the public, crime can't be understood simply by the acts that a society deems criminal society(ies) need crime - reinforce values and increase solidarity

Question 34

Classifying Crime

Answer 34

severity of the offense - amount of harm done by crime, misdemeanors, felonies

Question 35

Classification based on the victim

Answer 35

crimes against the person, crimes against property, crimes against public order, crimes against the state

Question 36

Other ways to classify crime

Answer 36

street crime, white collar and corporate crime, environmental crime, hate crime, sex crime, war crime, cybercrime

Question 37

Measuring Crime

Answer 37

police reports - UCR, NIBRS, issues: hierarchy rule, not every crime is reported, many crimes go unnoticed

Question 38

Victimization surveys

Answer 38

NCVS, victimization surveys have weaknesses: victimless crimes, homeless populations ignores, underreporting of domestic violence

Question 39

Perpetrator self-report studies

Answer 39

people voluntarily report the crimes, longitudinal study, honor system

Question 40

The crime rate

Answer 40

dark figure of crime, crime drop over the last two decades

Question 41

The politics of crime data

Answer 41

distort or misrepresent the crime data : financial gain, public relations