Ch. 1 Flashcards
Personality
a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior
is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior
Personality
A relatively permanent disposition of an individual, which is inferred from behavior.
Trait
Trait
A relatively permanent disposition of an individual, which is inferred from behavior.
Characteristics
The unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence.
The unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence.
Characteristics
A set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.
- A theory is a set of assumptions. A single assumption can never fill all the requirements of an adequate theory. A single assumption cannot serve to integrate multiple observations.
- A theory is a set of related assumptions. Isolated assumptions can neither generate meaningful hypotheses not possess internal consistency – two criteria of a useful theory.
- Theories are defined as being comprised as assumptions because the components of a theory are not proven facts in the sense that their validity has been absolutely established. They are accepted as if they were true so that scientists may make practical research that continues to build and reshape the original theory.
- Logical deductive reasoning is used by researchers to formulate hypotheses. The tenets of a theory must be stated with sufficient precision and logical consistency to permit scientists to deduce clearly stated hypotheses. These hypotheses are not components of a theory, but flow from it. It is the job of an imaginative scientist to begin with the general theory and, through deductive reasoning, arrive at a particular hypothesis that can be tested.
- The hypothesis of a theory must be testable.
Theory
Theory
A set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.
- A theory is a set of assumptions. A single assumption can never fill all the requirements of an adequate theory. A single assumption cannot serve to integrate multiple observations.
- A theory is a set of related assumptions. Isolated assumptions can neither generate meaningful hypotheses not possess internal consistency – two criteria of a useful theory.
- Theories are defined as being comprised as assumptions because the components of a theory are not proven facts in the sense that their validity has been absolutely established. They are accepted as if they were true so that scientists may make practical research that continues to build and reshape the original theory.
- Logical deductive reasoning is used by researchers to formulate hypotheses. The tenets of a theory must be stated with sufficient precision and logical consistency to permit scientists to deduce clearly stated hypotheses. These hypotheses are not components of a theory, but flow from it. It is the job of an imaginative scientist to begin with the general theory and, through deductive reasoning, arrive at a particular hypothesis that can be tested.
- The hypothesis of a theory must be testable.
Philosophy
This term means “love of wisdom”.
Philosopher
An individual who pursues wisdom through thinking and reasoning.
An individual who pursues wisdom through thinking and reasoning.
Philosopher
This term means “love of wisdom”.
Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge.
Epistemology
Epistemology
The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge.
Theories rely on speculation that is closely tied to empirically gathered science and data.
Speculation
Speculation
Theories rely on speculation that is closely tied to empirically gathered science and data.
A branch of study concerned with the observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws through the testing of hypotheses.
Science
Science
A branch of study concerned with the observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws through the testing of hypotheses.
The two essential cornerstones of theory building are…
speculation and empirical observation.
Speculation and empirical observation are…
the two essential cornerstones of theory building.
- Reasoning that goes from from the general to the specific.
- A scientific investigator can derive testable hypotheses from a useful theory using this form of reasoning and then test these hypotheses.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning
- Reasoning that goes from from the general to the specific.
- A scientific investigator can derive testable hypotheses from a useful theory using deductive reasoning and then test these hypotheses.
An educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the use of the scientific method.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
An educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the use of the scientific method.
- Reasoning that goes from the specific to the general.
- A scientific investigator uses inductive reasoning to alter a theory to reflect new findings. As theories grow and change, other hypotheses can be drawn from them, and when tested they in turn reshape the theory.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
- Reasoning that goes from the specific to the general.
- A scientific investigator uses inductive reasoning to alter a theory to reflect new findings. As theories grow and change, other hypotheses can be drawn from them, and when tested they in turn reshape the theory.
Persona
Jungian archetype that represents the side of personality that one shows to the rest of the world. Also, the mask worn by ancient Roman actors in the Greek theater and thus the root of the word “personality.”
Jungian archetype that represents the side of personality that one shows to the rest of the world. Also, the mask worn by ancient Roman actors in the Greek theater and thus the root of the word “personality.”
Persona
Useful theory meets the following six criteria:
(1) Generates Research
(2) Is Falsifiable
(3) Organizes Data
(4) Guides Action
(5) Is Internally Consistent
(6) Is Parsimonious
(1) Generates Research
(2) Is Falsifiable
(3) Organizes Data
(4) Guides Action
(5) Is Internally Consistent
(6) Is Parsimonious
The six criteria of a useful theory.
A system of classification of data according to their natural relationships.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy
A system of classification of data according to their natural relationships.
Expands an existing theory and is concerned with the measurement, labeling, and categorization of the units employed in theory building. This form of research has a symbiotic relationship with theory. On one hand, it provides the building blocks for the theory, and on the other, it receives its impetus from the dynamic, expanding theory. The more useful the theory, the more research generated by it; the greater the amount of descriptive research, the more complete the theory.
Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research
Expands an existing theory and is concerned with the measurement, labeling, and categorization of the units employed in theory building. This form of research has a symbiotic relationship with theory. On one hand, it provides the building blocks for the theory, and on the other, it receives its impetus from the dynamic, expanding theory. The more useful the theory, the more research generated by it; the greater the amount of descriptive research, the more complete the theory.
This form of research leads to an indirect verification of the usefulness of the theory.
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing
This form of research leads to an indirect verification of the usefulness of the theory.
Defines units in terms of observable events or behaviors that can be measured.
Operational Definition
