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Exercise Science > Ch. 1 - 7 review > Flashcards

Ch. 1 - 7 review Flashcards

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1
Q

Each skeletal muscle contains _______ tissue, __________ tissue, _______ and ______ ______.

A

muscle tissue
connective tissue
nerves
blood vessels

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2
Q

Sliding-filament theory - resting phase (calcium? tension?)

A

No calcium present

No tension

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3
Q

Sliding-filament theory - Excitation-contraction coupling phase (calcium? actin/myosin? cross bridges?)

A

Calcium released
Binding of Actin and Myosin
Cross Bridges Flex

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4
Q

Sliding-filament theory - contraction phase (myosin?)

A

Myosin detaches and re-cocks

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5
Q

Sliding-filament theory - Recharge phase (myosin)

A

Re-activation of myosin head by ATP

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6
Q

Sliding-filament theory - Relaxation phase (calcium)

A

Calcium pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal causes the release of __________.

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

Once a sufficient amount of acetylcholine is released, and _______ ________ is generated across the ___________, and the ______ contracts.

A

Once a sufficient amount of acetylcholine is released, and ACTION POTENTIAL is generated across the SARCOLEMMA, and the FIBER contracts.

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9
Q

The extent of control of a muscle depends on the number of _______ _______ within each ______ _____.

A

The extent of control of a muscle depends on the number of MUSCLE FIBERS within each MOTOR UNIT.

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10
Q

muscles that function with great precision may have as few as ___ muscle fiber(s) per ______ _____.

A

ONE muscle fiber per motor unit.

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11
Q

muscles that require less precision may have several _________ fibers for one motor unit.

A

several HUNDRED fibers for one motor unit.

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12
Q

All-Or-None Principle

A

ALL of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time.

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13
Q

Muscle fiber type I (slow or fast)

A

Slow-Twitch

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14
Q

Muscle fiber type II (slow or fast)

A

Fast-Twitch

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15
Q

Motor units are composed of muscle fibers with specific ___________ and ____________ characteristics that determine their functional capacity.

A

MORPHOLOGICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL characteristics.

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16
Q

Force output can be varied through change in the ________ of activation of _______ ______ or _________ of activated ________ ______.

A

Force output can be varied through change in the FREQUENCY of activation of MOTOR UNITS or NUMBER of activated MOTOR UNITS.

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17
Q

How can athletes improve force production?

  • Recruit _______ ______ or _______ groups during an activity
  • Increase the ______-________ area of muscles involved
  • Use __________ during training to develop strength early in the range of motion
A

recruit LARGE MUSCLES or MUSCLE GROUPS during activity
Increase the CROSS-SECTIONAL area of muscles involved in the desire activity
Use PRELOADING during training.

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18
Q

____________ are specialized sensory receptors that provide the CNS with information needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements.

A

Proprioceptors

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19
Q
  • Information concerning kinesthetics sense, or conscious appreciation of the position of body parts with respect to gravity.
  • Processed at subconscious levels
A

Proprioception

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20
Q

_______ ______ are proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue.

A

Muscle Spindles

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21
Q

______ _______ ______ (_ _ _) are proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction.

A

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)

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22
Q

(nerve system through the heart) The strands that run along the ventricles.

A

Purkinje Fibers

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23
Q

__________ transports oxygen and serves as an acid-base buffer.

A

Hemoglobin

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24
Q

RBCs facilitate ________ _______ removal.

A

Carbon Dioxide

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25
Q

The flow of energy in a biological system; the conversation of macronutrients into biological useable forms of energy.

A

Bioenergetics

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26
Q

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules; associated with the release of energy.

A

Catabolism

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27
Q

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules; can be accomplished using the energy released from catabolic reactions.

A

Anabolism

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28
Q

Energy-releasing reactions that are generally catabolic.

A

Exergonic Reactions

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29
Q

Require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle.

A

Endergonic Reactions

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30
Q

The total of all the catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system.

A

Metabolism

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31
Q

Allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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32
Q

Cross-bridges attach to _____ during muscle action

A

Actin

33
Q

_________ (substance) regulates muscle action.

A

Calcium

34
Q

__________ (substance) acts at the neuromuscular junction to excite the muscle fibers of a motor unit

A

Acetylcholine

35
Q

Which of the muscle fiber types is the MOST beneficial for a marathon runner?

A

Type I

36
Q

When throwing a baseball, an athlete’s arm is rapidly stretched just prior to throwing the ball. Which of the following structures detects and responds to that stretch by reflexively increasing muscle activity?

A

Muscle Spindle

37
Q

From which of the following is the heart’s electrical impulse normally initiated?

A

SA Node

38
Q

Which of the following occurs during the QRS complex of a typical ECG?

A

Repolarization of atrium

Depolarization of ventricles

39
Q

Which of the following is the ultimate source of energy for a muscular contraction?

A

ATP

40
Q

Which of the following substances can be metabolized anaerobically?

A

Carbohydrate

41
Q

The predominant energy system used during a training session depends primarily on the

A

Session Intensity

42
Q

The production of lactic acid results from the activation of which of the following energy systems?

A

Fast Glycolysis

43
Q

Which of the following energy systems has the highest rate of energy production?

A

Phosphagen

44
Q

Approximately how many ATP are produced via the oxidative energy system from the deg- radation of one glucose molecule?

A

38

45
Q

Which of the following energy systems is predominantly active at the initiation of all exercise?

A

Phosphagen

46
Q

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycolysis?

A

PFK

47
Q

After a bout of resistance training, acute hor- monal secretions provide all of the following information to the body EXCEPT

a. amount of physiological stress.
b. metabolic demands of exercise.
c. type of physiological stress.
d. energy expended.

A

d. Energy Expended

48
Q 
Which of the following hormones enhance muscle tissue growth?
I. growth hormone 
II. cortisol
III. IGF-I
IV. progesterone
A

I & III

growth hormone & IGF-I

49
Q

All of the following are functions of growth hormone EXCEPT

a. increase lipolysis.
b. decrease collagen synthesis.
c. increase amino acid transport.
d. decrease glucose utilization.

A

b. decrease collagen synthesis

50
Q

Which of the following hormones has the greatest influence on neural changes?

a. growth hormone
b. testosterone
c. cortisol
d. IGF

A

b. Testosterone

51
Q

Which of the following hormone levels is higher in women than in men at rest?

a. cortisol
b. insulin
c. testosterone
d. growth hormone

A

d. Growth Hormone

52
Q

What type of resistance training workout pro- motes the highest growth hormone increases following the exercise session?
Rest Volume-Sets
a. 30 seconds high-3
b. 30 seconds low-1
c. 3 minutes high-1
d. 3 minutes low-3

A

a. 30 second (rest), high-volume, 3 sets

53
Q

Which of the following describes the knee joint?

A

Synovial

54
Q 
Which of the following is the definition of
power?
a. (mass) · (acceleration) 
b. (force) · (distance)
c. (force) · (velocity)
d. (torque) · (time)
A

c. (force) x (velocity)

55
Q

To compare performances of Olympic weight- lifters of different body weights, the classic formula divides the load lifted by the athlete’s…

A

body weight to the 2/3 power.

56
Q

During a free weight exercise, muscle force varies with which of the following?
I. perpendicular distance from the weight to the body joint
II. joint angle
III. movement acceleration
IV. movement velocity squared

A

I & III

perpendicular distance from the weight to the joint & movement acceleration

57
Q

A vertical jump involves knee, hip, and shoulder movement primarily in which of the following anatomical planes?

A

Sagittal Plane

58
Q 
An athlete is performing a concentric isokinetic elbow flexion and extension exercise. Which of the following types of levers occur at the elbow during this exercise?
I. first-class
II. second-class
III. third-class
A 
I & III
first and third class levers
59
Q

Which of the following muscle fiber types has the GREATEST potential to, when trained in a specific way, CHANGE into a more aerobic or oxidative form?

a. lla
b. llx
c. llc

A

b. llx

60
Q 
A weight lifter adds 30 minutes of intense (>75% V.O2 max) stationary bicycle riding every other day to her resistance training program. Which of the following describes the GREATEST effect this addition will have on her performance?
a. power gains will be compromised
b. power gains will be enhanced
c. aerobic capacity improvements will be
compromised
d. aerobic capacity improvements will be
enhanced
A

a. power gains will be compromised

61
Q

A 50-year-old female triathlete is concerned about osteoporosis. Which of the following exercises is the MOST beneficial for improving her bone mineral density?

a. front squat
b. leg (knee) extension
c. bench press
d. lat pulldown

A

a. front squat

62
Q

Which of the following muscle fiber types are “bypassed” as a result of selective recruitment that allows an Olympic weightlifter to generate maximum power during a 1RM snatch?

a. I
b. IIa
c. IIx
d. IIc

A

a. I

63
Q 
Which of the following are the MOST effec- tive stimulants of growth hormone production from a resistance training workout?
I. large muscle mass exercises 
II. small muscle mass exercises
III. high intensity and volume 
IV. low intensity and volume
A

I & III

large muscle mass exercises & high intensity and volume

64
Q

The INITIAL decrease in muscular strength caused by detraining is due to undesired changes in which of the following systems?

a. cardiovascular
b. connective
c. muscular
d. nervous

A

d. nervous system

65
Q

A 17-year-old high school cross-country runner has been training aerobically for six months in preparation for the upcoming season. Which of the following adaptations will occur in the muscles during that time?
a. increased concentration of glycolytic enzymes
b. hyperplasia of Type II fibers
c. transformation from Type I to Type II
fibers
d. hypertrophy of Type I fibers

A

d. hypertrophy of Type I fibers

66
Q

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each beat is the

a. cardiac output.
b. a-–vO2 difference.
c. heart rate.
d. stroke volume.

A

d. stroke volume

67
Q

All of the following normally increase during an aerobic exercise session EXCEPT

a. end-diastolic volume.
b. cardiac contractility.
c. cardiac output.
d. diastolic blood pressure.

A

d. diastolic blood pressure

68
Q

The mean arterial pressure is defined as the

a. average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle.
b. average of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
c. average systolic blood pressure during exercise.
d. average of blood pressure and heart rate.

A

a. average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle

69
Q

Primary training adaptations of elite aerobically-trained athletes include which of the following?
I. increased maximal oxygen uptake
II. decreased blood lactate concentration
III. increased running economy
IV. decreased capillary density

A

I, II and III
increased maximal oxygen uptake
decreased blood lactate concentration
increased running economy

70
Q

Which of the following is an early adaptation to acclimatizing to high altitude?

a. decreased tidal volume
b. decreased respiration rate
c. increased resting cardiac output
d. increased stroke volume

A

c. increased resting cardiac output

71
Q

When males and females are compared relative to muscle cross-sectional area, it appears that the potential for force production is

a. greater in males.
b. greater in females.
c. equal in males and females.
d. dependent upon body weight.

A

c. equal in males and females

72
Q

Which of the following is the MOST significant adaptation to chronic resistance training for an older adult?

a. increased cardiovascular fitness
b. improved blood lipid profile
c. increased muscle mass
d. improved flexibility

A

c. increased muscle mass

73
Q

An eight-year-old boy dramatically increased his upper body strength after following a six- month resistance training program. Which of the following is MOST likely responsible for this gain?

a. increased number of muscle fibers
b. enhanced cross-sectional area
c. greater muscle density
d. improved neuromuscular functioning

A

d. improved neuromuscular functioning

74
Q

Growth cartilage in children is located at all of the following locations EXCEPT the

a. diaphysis.
b. epiphyseal plate.
c. joint surface.
d. apophyseal insertion.

A

a. diaphysis

75
Q

All of the following are likely outcomes of preadolescent resistance training EXCEPT increased

a. resistance to injury.
b. strength.
c. hypertrophy.
d. bone density.

A

c. hypertrophy

76
Q

The condition characterized by a bone mineral density more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean is called

a. sarcopenia.
b. osteopenia.
c. osteoporosis.
d. scoliosis.

A

c. osteoporosis

77
Q

Which of the following should be evaluated FIRST when designing a training program for a 68-year-old competitive female tennis player?

a. cardiovascular fitness
b. lower body strength
c. balance and agility
d. medical history

A

d. medical history

78
Q

Deconditioned female college athletes who participate in sports such as basketball and soccer appear to be at increased risk for devel- oping injuries to the

a. back.
b. knee.
c. wrist.
d. neck.

A

b. knee

Exercise Science (4 decks)

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