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Physical Geography > Ch 1-6 Test > Flashcards

Ch 1-6 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are oxides of sulfur and nitrogen important in our atmosphere?

A

They lead to the formation of sulfuric and nitric acid, form deposits that can be wet or dry, have caused environmental problems in Europe and Asia, and are produced by industry and transportation.

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2
Q

If the temperature at seal level is 100 degrees, what is the temperature at 2000 ft. if the lapse rate is 3.5 degrees per 1000 ft.?

A

93 degrees.

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3
Q

What are the 3 inorganic realms?

A

Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere.

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4
Q

When all other factors are equal, what happens to the temperature on a cloudy night as compared to a clear night?

A

The temperature is likely to be warmer.

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5
Q

If you were standing at 60 degrees north latitude, what geographic latitudinal zone would you be located?

A

Subarctic.

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6
Q

What industry is mostly responsible for industrial smog?

A

Coal-burning industries.

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7
Q

What is the effect on temperatures of cities located near the ocean during the summer?

A

Temperatures are cooler.

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8
Q

What is the effect on temperatures of cities located in the interior, at the same latitude, during the winter?

A

Temperature is colder.

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9
Q

Migratory high and low pressure cells are examples of _______________ circulation.

A

Secondary.

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10
Q

Why do high latitude regions receive less of the sun’s energy?

A

2 factors: (1) the orientation of the earth’s surface relative to the sun’s intensity diminishes at higher latitudes; and (2) the sun’s rays have to pass through more atmosphere at higher latitudes.

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11
Q

What is the atmospheric portion of the biosphere?

A

Toposphere.

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12
Q

The measurement north or south of the equator is called _________________.

A

Latitude.

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13
Q

What is produced by the reaction of automobile exhaust and ultraviolet light?

A

Photochemical smog

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14
Q

Air flows ________________ of a high pressure cell because the density of air in the high pressure cell is ______________ than the surrounding air.

A

out of; denser

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15
Q

Why does land cool more rapidly at night than water?

A

The amount of energy stored in land is less than water, and energy is stored near the land surface and radiates faster at night.

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16
Q

What assistance for life does the ozonosphere provide?

A

It absorbs ultraviolet wavelengths.

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17
Q

Why is the insolation at the earth’s surface so great in a low-latitude desert?

A

They have many cloudless days.

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18
Q

What is the force that causes the deflection of winds from a straight line path?

A

Coriolis force.

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19
Q

What occurs when surface temperatures are lower than the overlying air?

A

Temperature inversion.

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20
Q

Name the principle controls and influences on temperature patterns.

A

Land-water heating differences, latitude, altitude, cloud cover, ocean currents, surface conditions.

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21
Q

In map scale, what does 1:24,000 mean?

A

1 unit on the map equals 24,000 units on the ground.

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22
Q

What term refers to the incoming and outgoing radiation at the earth’s surface?

A

It is Net radiation (NET R).

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23
Q

What is intercepted solar radiation called?

A

Insolation.

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24
Q

What is the term for the reflective quality of a surface?

A

Albedo.

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25
Q

High values of latent heat of evaporation occur in the tropics because dark-colored forests absorb heat energy, a net energy surplus, and high __________ makes water available for evaporation.

A

Rainfall.

26
Q

What is the length of days and nights during the equinoxes?

A

12 hours for each.

27
Q

What are most extreme northern and southern parallels to receive the perpendicular rays of the sun at local noon?

A

23.5 degrees north and south.

28
Q

The ______________ helps control the boundary between cold polar air and warmer air to the south, the movement of storms, and the movement of high and low pressure systems.

A

Jet stream.

29
Q

What term is used for the horizontal movement of air relative to the Earth’s surface?

A

Wind.

30
Q

The dying of forests, changes in soil chemistry, and damage to aquatic ecosystems is a consequence of _______________.

A

Acid rain.

31
Q

Which term term in the radiation balance equation links the Earth’s energy, hydrological, and biological systems?

A

Latent heat of evaporation.

32
Q

What weather effects have been correlated with sunspot cycles?

A

Abnormally wet years and droughts.

33
Q

What term refers to the molecule-to-molecule transfer of heat energy through a material?

A

Conduction.

34
Q

What part of geography embodies map making?

A

Cartography.

35
Q

Positive or negative feedback? We burn more fossil fuels, which releases more carbon dioxide and warms the atmosphere, which warms the oceans, which releases more carbon dioxide and further warms the atmosphere.

A

Positive.

36
Q

Positive or negative feedback? Increased carbon dioxide leads to more plant growth which reduces carbon dioxide, and cools the atmosphere.

A

Negative.

37
Q

What is the term for a vertical air current generated by temperature-induced density differences?

A

Convection.

38
Q

What is energy?

A

It is the capacity to change the motion, or to do work on, matter.

39
Q

What is true of the thermal equator in the month of July?

A

It trends poleward over continents and equatorward over the oceans.

40
Q

What is air?

A

It is a mixture of gases that acts like a single gas.

41
Q

What is the single most important control on the Earth’s temperatures?

A

Latitude.

42
Q

How much of the Earth’s atmosphere occurs below 10,700 meters?

A

75%.

43
Q

The western side of subtropical high pressure cells tend to be ___________________________.

A

warm, moist, and unstable.

44
Q

What are summers and winters like in a monsoon climate?

A

Summers tend to be very wet and winters tend be dry.

45
Q

What kind of solar radiation does the Earth receive on a cloudy day?

A

Diffuse radiation.

46
Q

The equatorial low-pressure trough is associated with what geographical feature?

A

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

47
Q

What factors influence the ocean currents?

A

They are the Coriolis force, frictional drag of winds, and water density differences.

48
Q

Physical geography is based on the realization that nature can be described and understood as a set of ____________________ through which matter and energy flow.

A

interrelated components

49
Q

When a surface assimilates radiation, the process is called ________________.

A

absorption

50
Q

What term is used for an angular measurement east or west of the Prime Meridian?

A

Longitude.

51
Q

What is the name of the location on the surface of the Earth that receives insolation when the sun is directly overhead?

A

Subsolar point.

52
Q

More of the Sun’s radiation is of what type?

A

Shortwave and ultraviolet.

53
Q

More of the Earth’s radiation is of what type?

A

Longwave and infrared.

54
Q

Particulate matter can be associated in material from ________________.

A

smoke

55
Q

Does evaporation tend to lower or increase temperatures over water?

A

Lower.

56
Q

Changes in daylength and the Sun’s altitude above the horizon over the course of the year are responsible for the ________________.

A

seasons

57
Q

As distance from the subsolar point increases, average annual insolation _____________, and average annual temperature _____________.

A

decreases; decreases

58
Q

What happens when water evaporates from a surface?

A

Energy is removed from the surface; energy is stored in the water; and the surface is cooled.

59
Q

In the Southern Hemisphere, a cyclone rotates in a ___________ direction, and an anticyclone rotates in a ______________ direction.

A

clockwise; counterclockwise

60
Q

Which would experience the least continentality: a tropical island or north central Asia?

A

Tropical island.

Physical Geography (3 decks)

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