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Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of biology

A

The cell

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2
Q

What is the basic unit of reproduction

A

The cell

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3
Q

Modern cell biology results from the weaving together of what three different strands of biological inquiry

A

Cytology, biochemistry, and genetics

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4
Q

What was the first strand of biological inquiry to emerge

A

Cytology

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5
Q

What is cytology

A

Study of cells, in particular cellular structure

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6
Q

What problem has microscopy allowed scientists to overcome

A

Problem of small size

- most cells and their organelles to small to be seen by unaided eye

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7
Q

Most useful unit for expressing size of cells and organelles?

A

Micrometer (um)

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8
Q

Most useful unit for expressing size of molecules and subcellular substances too small to be seen using light microscope

A

Nanometer

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9
Q

What is a microtome

A

an instrument developed for rapid and efficient preparation of very thin (several mm) tissue slices of biological samples

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10
Q

What is the limit of resolution

A

refers to how far apart adjacent objects must be to appear as separate entities.

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11
Q

What is bright field microscopy

A

White light passed directly thru stained/unstained specimen and background is illuminated

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12
Q

Limitation of bright field microscopy

A

Specimens must be preserved, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin or plastic for slicing into thin sections, and stained to highlight transparent features
- specimens no longer alive so features observed may be distorted from slide preparation processes not done to living cells

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13
Q

What techniques overcome the limitations of bright field microscopy

A

phase-contrast microscopy, differential interference contrast microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and confocal microscopy

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14
Q

Describe phase contrast microscopy

A

Enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in refractive index within specimen; especially useful for examining living, unpigmented cells

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15
Q

Describe differential interference contrast microscopy

A

Also uses optical modifications to exaggerate differences in refractive index.

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16
Q

Describe fluorescence microscopy

A

Shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell. Fluorescent substances absorb ultraviolet radiation and emit visible light. The fluorescing molecules may occur naturally in the specimen but more often are made by tagging the molecules of interest with fluorescent dyes or antibodies.

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17
Q

What is an antibody

A

A protein molecule produced by immune system

- binds target molecule (antigen)

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18
Q

Limitation of fluorescence microscopy

A

only focus on single plane of specimen at a time, but fluorescent light emitted throughout specimen, blurring image

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19
Q

How is limitation of fluorescence microscopy overcome

A
  • Confocal microscopy: laser beam to illuminate just one plane of specimen at a time
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20
Q

Describe digital video microscopy

A

uses video cameras to collect digital images for computer storage

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21
Q

What is immunofluorescence

A

technique in which a fluorescent molecule is attached to an antibody, which recognizes and binds to one specific complementary target molecule, known as its antigen.

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22
Q

What is primary immunofluorescence

A

antibody molecules are labeled with a fluorescent dye, known as a fluorophore, that is covalently linked to the C region of each antibody molecule. The antibody recognizes and binds to the target molecule, which can then be detected using fluorescence or confocal microscopy.

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23
Q

What is secondary immunofluorescence

A

a tissue or cell is treated with an antibody that is not labeled with dye. This antibody, called the primary antibody, attaches to specific anti­ genic sites within the tissue or cell. A second type of antibody, called the secondary antibody, is labeled with a fluorescent dye and then added to the sample, where it attaches to the primary antibody.

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24
Q

Describe electron microscope

A

Uses beam of elections that is deflected and focused by an electromagnetic field

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25
Two types of electron microscope
TEM - transmission electron microscope | SEM - scanning electron microscope
26
Describe TEM
forms an image from electrons that are transmitted through the specimen.
27
Describe SEM
- scans the surface of the specimen and forms an image by detecting electrons that are deflected from its outer surface. - gives sense of depth
28
Why is indirect immunofluorescence better than direct
Because more than one primary antibody molecule can attach to an antigen and more than one secondary antibody molecule can attach to each primary antibody, more fluorescent molecules are concentrated near the target molecule. As a result, indirect immunofluorescence amplifies the fluorescence signal and is much more sensitive than the use of a primary anti­ body alone
29
What myth did Wohler dispel and how
helped to dispel the notion that biochemical processes were somehow exempt from the laws of chemistry and physics. - did so by demonstrating that urea, an organic compound of biological origin, could be synthesized in the laboratory from an inorganic starting material, ammonium cyanate.
30
What is the principal energy storage in most cells
ATP
31
What is the calvin cycle
- the most common pathway for photosynthetic carbon metabolism - first metabolic pathway to be elucidated using a radioisotope.
32
What is centrifugation
a means of separating and isolating subcellular structures and macromolecules based on their size, shape, and/or density—a process called subcellular fractionation.
33
What is ultracentrifudge
.
34
What is chromatography
techniques by which a mixture of molecules in solution is separated into individual components.
35
What is electrophoresis
techniques that use an electrical field to separate macromolecules based on their mobility through a semisolid gel
36
What is mass spectometry
used to determine the size and composition of individual proteins. This technique allows researchers to determine the identity and characteristics of individual proteins.
37
What is genetics
study of the inheritance of characteristics from generation to generation
38
What is the chromosome theory of heredity
chromosome theory of heredity proposed that the hereditary factors responsible for Mendelian inheritance are located on the chromosomes within the nucleus.
39
Why was protein and not DNA believed to have been the bearer of genetic info
- monotonous structure and only 4 nucleotides, didn't seem enough variety to account for all diversity
40
What is the one gene–one enzyme” concept
each gene controls the production of a single, specific protein
41
What does the central dogma of molecular biology involve
flow of genetic information involves replication of DNA to produce two identical copies, transcription of information carried by DNA into the form of RNA, and translation of this information from RNA into protein.
42
What is mRNA
- messenger RNA - RNA that is translated into protein - carries genetic message from DNA to ribosomes
43
What is rRNA
- ribosomal RNA | - integral components of ribosome
44
What is tRNA
- transfer RNA - intermediaries that recognize the coded base sequence of mRNA and bring the appropriate AA's to the ribosome for protein synthesis
45
What is reverse transcription
Viral RNA used as template for DNA synthesis | - "backward" flow of genetic info
46
What are restriction enzymes
- have ability to cleave DNA molecules at specific sequences, allowing creation of recombinant DNA molecules containing DNA sequences from two diff sources.
47
What is DNA cloning
- process used to generate many copies of specific DNA sequences for detailed study and further manipulation
48
What is DNA transformation
- process of introducing DNA into cells
49
What is DNA sequencing
- determining the base sequences of DNA molecules
50
What is bioformatics
merges computer science and biology as a means of making sense of sequence data
51
What is genomics
Study of all genes of an organism
52
What is proteome
Total protein content of a cell
53
What is proteomic studies
- aim to understand the structure and properties of every protein produced by a genome and to learn how these proteins interact with each other in biological networks to regulate cellular functions
54
What is transcriptomics
- advanced methods of RNA sequencing allow us to determine the complete set of genes transcribed in a cell
55
What is metabolomics
- analysis of all metabolic reactions happening at a given time in a cell
56
What is lipidomics
- lipidomics, the study of all the lipids in a cell
57
What is ionomics
- the global study of all the ions in a cell.
58
What does peer-reviewed mean
- means that after scientists have conducted their research and submitted a written article to a journal, the article was examined in detail by several experts in the particular field and found to be sound in methodology, experimental design, and analysis of results.
59
What is a hypothesis
- tentative explanation that can be tested experimentally or via further observation.
60
What is a null hypothesis
Opposite of the hypothesis
61
What does in vitro mean
in glass
62
What does in vivo mean
In life
63
What does in silica mean
experiments using computers to test hypotheses
64
How are cellular processes studied directly in living cells and organisms
Through model systems (cell cultures)
65
What is a model organism
a species that is widely studied, well characterized, and easy to manipulate, and has particular advantages, making it useful for experimental studies. e.g. E. coli
66
Why is Drosophila a good model organism for studies of embryogenesis, developmental biology, and cell signaling.
are easy to grow and manipulate in the lab, have a short (two-week) genera- tion time, produce numerous progeny, and have easily ob- servable physical characteristics, such as eye color and wing shape.
67
Why is C. elegans a good model organism for studies of cell differentiation and development in multicellular organisms
ease of manipulation, relatively short life cycle, and small genome, the first of any multicellular organism to be sequenced. It is also one of the simplest animals to possess a nervous system.
68
What is the independent variable
vary, or perturb, only one condition
69
What is the dependent variable
The outcome of the change that is measured (which depends on the independent variable)
70
How does the mutant strain differ from the wild type
identical to the wild type except that it lacks one particular gene’s function.
71
What is light microscopy vs electron microscopy magnification and resolving power
- Light = 1000 vs electron = 100,000 magnification | - Light = 200nm, electron = 1nm
72
What does the genetic strand focus on
Information flow
73
What does the chromosome theory of heredity state
characteristics of organisms passed down from generation to generation result from the inheritance of chromosomes carrying genes.
74
What is a gene
a specific sequence of DNA that contains the info to direct the synthesis of 1 cellular protein
75
3 types of RNA needed to express genetic info?
tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

BH4 (9 decks)

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