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BIOL101 > Ch. 1-5 > Flashcards

Ch. 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Selective pressure

A

any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Cells with membrane enclosed nuclei and membrane enclosed organelles

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3
Q

Archaea & Bacteria

A

are not more closely related to each other than eukaryotes

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Cells without membrane enclosed nuclei or organelles

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5
Q

Populations

A

group of organisms within the same species with viable reproduction, within that group

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6
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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7
Q

Element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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8
Q

Trace elements

A

a chemical element present in living organisms in very small amounts, typically less than 0.1% by volume

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9
Q

Compound

A

a substance made up of 2 or more different elements chemically combined in fixed proportions

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10
Q

Molecule

A

the smallest unit of a substance, composed of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds which retains the chemical properties of that substance

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11
Q

subatomic particles

A

a particle that is smaller than an atom

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12
Q

neutrons

A

no charge

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13
Q

protons

A

positive charge

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14
Q

electrons

A

negative charge

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15
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons; unique to each element

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16
Q

mass number

A

number of protons + neutrons

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17
Q

isotopes

A

atomic forms of the same element; same number of protons, varied number of neutrons

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18
Q

valence electrons

A

refers to the electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom

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19
Q

chemical bonds

A

interactions that result in atoms being held together to form molecules by sharing/transferring electrons between them

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20
Q

covalent bonds

A

sharing of a pair of valence electrons

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21
Q

ionic bonds

A

when 2 atoms interact, the more electronegative atom strips a valence electron away from the less electronegative atom

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22
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

hydrogen atoms in a molecule that carry a partial positive charge are attracted to electronegative atoms to which they are not covalently bonded

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23
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of a given atom for the electrons in a covalent bond; O is the most electronegative, then N

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24
Q

anion

A

the more electronegative atom has one extra electron and carries a negative charge

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25
Q

cation

A

the less electronegative atom has one less electron and carries a positive charge

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26
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H20 —> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2

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27
Q

(Aerobic) Cellular respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H20

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28
Q

surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

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29
Q

Water’s high specific heat

A

minimizes temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life (heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break; heat is released when hydrogen bonds form)

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30
Q

Evaporation/vaporization

A

transformation of a substance from liquid to gas

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31
Q

heat of vaporization

A

the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas

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32
Q

evaporative cooling

A

as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools

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33
Q

floating of ice on liquid water

A

ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered”, making ice less dense than water

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34
Q

water’s greatest density

A

occurs at 4 degrees Celsius

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35
Q

aqueous solution

A

solution where water acts as the solvent

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36
Q

polarity of water molecules

A

makes them a powerful solvent, especially for salts

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37
Q

pH

A

a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to the negative log of the [H+] and ranging in value between 0 to 14

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38
Q

Acid

A

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

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39
Q

Base

A

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration

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40
Q

buffers

A

prevent a rapid change in pH when an acid or base is added to a solution; are compounds that readily accept or donate H+ ions

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41
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing; will not dissolve in water (oils)

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42
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving; will dissolve in water (salts)

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43
Q

lipids

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

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44
Q

kinetic energy

A

anything that moves has kinetic energy

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45
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules

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46
Q

temperature

A

average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of matter

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47
Q

adhesion

A

stickiness of a water molecule to another surface

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48
Q

cohesion

A

stickiness of a water molecule to another water molecule

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49
Q

carbon

A

basis for all biological molecules

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50
Q

carbon skeleton

A

refers to the chains of carbon atoms in a compound’s structure

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51
Q

isomers

A

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but with different structures and properties

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52
Q

structural isomers

A

differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

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53
Q

cis-tran isomers

A

cis=same side; trans=opposite side; must have a double bond in the compound; arrangement of atoms around the double bond differs between the isomers

54
Q

enantiomers

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other; contains an asymmetric carbon

55
Q

asymmetric carbon

A

a carbon that is bonded to 4 different atoms

56
Q

functional groups

A

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

57
Q

hydroxyl group

A

(-OH), alcohol; polar due to electronegative oxygen, forms hydrogen bonds with water

58
Q

carbonyl group

A

(C=O), ketone (interior)/aldehyde (end)

59
Q

carboxyl group

A

(-COOH), carboxylic acid or organic acid; acts as an acid

60
Q

amino group

A

(-NH2), amine; acts as a base

61
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

(-SH), thiol, least common

62
Q

phosphate group

A

(-OPO3^2-), organic phosphate; high energy, ATP

63
Q

methyl group

A

(-CH3), methylated compound

64
Q

hydrocarbons

A

compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

65
Q

macromolecules

A

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction

66
Q

polymers

A

long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds (biological macromolecules are polymers)

67
Q

monomers

A

the subunits from which polymers are built

68
Q

dehydration reactions

A

chemical reaction when 2 monomers are covalently linked together and a water molecule is produced

69
Q

hydrolysis

A

reverse of a dehydration reaction; water is used to break a covalent bond

70
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars; carbon chains containing hydroxyl groups and one carbonyl group

71
Q

monosaccharides

A

the monomers from which carbohydrates are built

72
Q

polysaccharides

A

a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined together; energy stores; structural material

73
Q

disaccharides

A

consists of 2 monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction (glycosidic bond)

74
Q

glycosidic bond

A

type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule, or sugar, to another group

75
Q

starch

A

polymers of glucose monomers; energy storage; plants use amylose and amylopectin

76
Q

cellulose

A

plant structural polysaccharaide

77
Q

chitin

A

animal and fungal structural polysaccharide

78
Q

glycogen

A

animals store glucose as glycogen

79
Q

fats

A

combination of glycerol and three fatty acids; also referred to as triacylglycerol or triglyceride

80
Q

glycerol

A

an alcohol; contains 3 hydroxyls

81
Q

fatty acids

A
  • hydrocarbon chains of 16-18 carbons
  • end carbon has a carboxyl group
  • use a dehydration reaction to link fatty acids to glycerol
82
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

(solid at room temperature) if all the carbons in the chain have the maximal amount of hydrogen covalently bonded, the molecule is saturated with hydrogen

83
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

(liquid at room temperature) if two carbons in the chain are linked by covalent bonds, then the maximal amount of hydrogen is not covalently bonded and the molecule is unsaturated

84
Q

hydration

A

refers to atoms of hydrogen

85
Q

lipids

A

-not a true polymer
-don’t have repeating units of monomers
-smaller than macromolecules like starch
-common trait: hydrophobic

86
Q

ester bond

A

a covalent bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

87
Q

phospholipids

A

only two hydrocarbon chains; third hydroxyl group on the glycerol subunit forms a covalent bond with a phosphate group

88
Q

phosphate group

A

are negatively charged and hydrophilic; can attach other functional groups to the phosphate

89
Q

amphipathic

A

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

90
Q

lipid bilayer

A

phospholipids self organize into bilayers:
-hydrophobic tails associate together
-hydrophilic heads associate with an aqueous environment
(all cell membranes and organelles have a lipid bilayer)

91
Q

cholesterol

A

-depending on the cell type, cholesterol can account for 50% of the plasmic membrane
-orients with the hydroxyl group towards the aqueous solution

92
Q

steroids

A

-do not have a glycerol subunit
-grouped with fats and phospholipids because they are hydrophobic
-contain a carbon skeleton with four fused ring
-cholesterol is a steroid

93
Q

proteins

A

-work horse molecules of the cell
-the majority of functions in the cell are carried out by proteins

94
Q

hormonal protein function

A

coordination of an organism’s activities

95
Q

receptor protein function

A

response of cell to chemical stimuli

96
Q

contractile and motor protein function

A

movement

97
Q

structural protein function

A

support

98
Q

enzymatic protein function

A

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

99
Q

defensive protein function

A

protection against disease

100
Q

storage protein function

A

storage of amino acids

101
Q

transport protein function

A

transport of substances

102
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as catalysts

103
Q

catalysts

A

are chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction

104
Q

amino acids

A

-monomers that are linked together by dehydration reactions to form polypeptides
-contain both an amino and carboxyl functional group
-also have “R” group or side chain

105
Q

peptide bond

A

type of covalent bond

106
Q

polypeptide

A

many peptides joined together

107
Q

4 Levels of Proteins Structure

A

1) Primary- the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
2) Secondary- structures within regions of the polypeptide chain that are determined by the interactions of the atoms in the polypeptide backbone
3) Tertiary- 3D shape of a polypeptide that is determined by the interactions of the atoms in the side chains of the polypeptide
4) Quaternary- Interactions of multiple, individual polypeptides

108
Q

Protein folding

A

-happens spontaneously; dependent on the chemical interactions within the protein itself
-cells have mechanisms to assist with protein folding

109
Q

chaperonins

A

are other proteins that can provide a protective environment in which proteins can fold spontaneously

110
Q

denaturation

A

the unfolding of a protein by disrupting the bonds that hold proteins together through changes in pH, salt concentration, or temperature

111
Q

renaturation

A

proteins can refold once the correct environment is restored

112
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers of monomers called nucleotides

113
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

stores the hereditary info of a cell; genes are discrete units of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence

114
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A
  • mRNA=messenger RNA
  • rRNA=ribosomal RNA
  • t RNA=transfer RNA
    (these three essential for protein synthesis)
  • miRNA=microRNA
115
Q

mRNA

A

RNA molecules that cary genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized

116
Q

rRNA

A

RNA molecules that complex with proteins to form the ribosomes

117
Q

tRNA

A

RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes where the amino acids will be incorporated into a protein

118
Q

miRNA

A

small RNA molecules that regulate transcription

119
Q

components of a nucleotide

A

-5 carbon sugar (a pentose)
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base

120
Q

pentose

A

the pentose in DNA differs from the pentose in RNA in that deoxyribose lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2nd carbon

121
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

carbon rings that also contain nitrogen

122
Q

Pyrimidines

A

-Cytosine
-Uracil (RNA)
-Thymine (DNA)
*think “CUT the Py”

123
Q

Purines

A

-Adenine
-Guanine
*think “Pure As Gold”

124
Q

Polynucleotides

A

dehydration reactions between the phosphate group on one nucleotide and the hydroxyl on the 3’ carbon of a 2nd nucleotide link monomers together in a phosphodiester bond

125
Q

nucleic acid polymers

A

are held together by phosphodiester bonds

126
Q

polynucleotide orientation

A

-phosphate is always linked to the 5’ carbon of the pentose
-new monomers are always added to the 3’ carbon of the last pentose in the chain

127
Q

nucleotide

A

a phosphate group on a nucleoside creates a nucleotide

128
Q

nucleoside

A

sugar and base combined

129
Q

phosphate group

A

inorganic phosphate can form a covalent bond with the 5- carbon of a nucleoside by a dehydration reaction; forms a phosphate ester bond

130
Q

carbon numbering

A

because nucleotides are complex, the sugar carbons are noted with ‘ (prime) to differentiate from carbons in the nitrogenous base

BIOL101 (4 decks)

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