Ch. 1 Flashcards
Where do volcanoes get their lava?
The upper mantle.
How old is our solar system/Earth?
5 billion years old
What created earths primitive atmosphere?
Liquid materials and gases spewed from volcanic vents.
Living things require and are mostly made up of?
WATER!
When did the atmosphere reach it’s current concentration?
200 million years ago in the Mesozoic Era.
Who hypothesized about continental drifting in the early 20th century? Also came up with idea of Pangaea.
Wegener.
What was the Glomar Challenger?
A ship in 1968. Found sediment core samples that confirm sea floor spreading an continental drift.
When was the last ice age? And what is it referred to as?
18,000 years ago. The last glacial maximum.
How much of the planet’s surface is covered with water?
70%
Ave depth of world ocean?
3800m (a thin film)
How much of earth’s land area is in the northern hemisphere?
2/3
How much of the southern hemisphere’s surface is water?
80%
What is the continental shelf?
It extends seaward from shore; part of continental landmass; width varies.
What is the outer edge if the continental shelf referred to as?
Shelf break.
What is the continental slope?
After the shelf break where there is a slight steepening.
Where are most oceanic trenches located?
Along margin if the Pacific ocean.
What and where is the greatest ocean depth?
11033m in Mariana Trench.
What is it like for inhabitants of trenches?
There is high water pressure and low temperatures.
What does Sonar stand for?
SOund Navigating Ranging.
Continental shelfs meet shelf break at depths from…?
120-200meters.
Beyond the shelf break the continental slope meets the sea floor at depths of..?
3000-4000meters.
What are the source if new oceanic crust?
Mid-ocean ridge and rise systems.
Most marine organisms are what percentage water?
80-90%
Why are hydrogen bonds formed in water?
Because one end is positive. The other negative. They attract each other. It’s a weak bond…
Deep sea floor aka…
Abyssal plain
Abyssal plains
Flat, sediment covered floor if the ocean basin ~3000-5000m deep
Atmosphere
A unit of pressure (ATM) equal to 14.7 lbs/in2 and equal to the pressure created by a 1-inch square, 10-meter-tall column of seawater
Benthic
Sea floor/organisms living there
Covalent bond
Chem. bond btw two atoms created by the SHARING of electrons
Diurnal tide
Tidal pattern with one high tide and one low tide each lunar day
Continental boundary current
Surface ocean current flowin generally north or south along a continental edge
Countercurrent
Ocean current flows directly back into another current. Also in some animals relating to paired blood vessels containing blood flowing in opposite directions or streams of blood and seawater flowing through a gill in opposite directions.
Coriolis effect
Apparent change in direction if movin object (counterclockwise-Southern Hemisphere, clockwise-northern hemisphere) due to rotation of earth.
Fetch
Extent of the ocean over which winds blow to create surface waves
Aphotic zone
Portion of the water column usually deeper than 1000 m where sunlight is absent.
Ion
Electrically charged atom or molecule formed by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
Ionic bond
In crystalline structures, an atomic bond formed btw two adjacent oppositely charged ions.
Ekman spiral
Deflection if surface currents that is a consequence if the Coriolis effect wherein direction Of flow rotates with increasing depth.
High tide
Highest level reached by the rising ride.
Pangaea
Supercontinent that consisted if all the present land masses prior to their breakup and subsequent drift to their present positions
Plate tectonics
Collective geological processes that move the crustal plates of earth and cause continental drifting and sea floor spreading.
Last glacial maximum
When Last major continental glacial advance in the Norther Hemisphere reached it’s maximum extent
Latent heat of fusion
Heat that must be extracted from liquid to freeze it to a solid at the same temp. ; for water=80 cal/g
Latent heat of vaporization
Heat energy require I convert a liquid to a gas at the same temp; water=540cal/g
Photic zone.
Portion if ocean where light intensity is sufficient to enable gross primary production (photosynthesis) to at least meet a cells respiratory needs.
Pycnocline
Ocean layer near bottom if photic zone marked by sharp change in density that separates the less dense surface waters from denser deeper waters.
Where are the Galápagos Islands?
Pacific Ocean
Largest volcano if Galapagos?
Sierra negra
How many islands make up the Galapagos?
~12
First landed on Galapagos
Bishop Berlang of Panama
Where does water and seawater stand on scale of acidity?
Pure=neutral
Sea=slightly basic
When did Pangaea first split and into hat?
200 mill ago
Laurasia and Gondawana
List eras and one important feature of each
Precambrian: origins mostly anaerobes
Paleozoic: fish, reptiles, sharks
Mesozoic: Dino’s and mammals
Cenozoic: buy Dino’s mammals iceage
Trenches produce regions of sea floor…
Spreading
Subductions produce…
Recycling of the floor
Artificial selection
Not natural. Due to people choosing crop varieties, breeding, etc.
Used to measure salinity
%. Part per thousand
Carbonic acid
Chem mix of water with increased CO2; bad for species
Can swim against ocean currents
Nekton
Pycnocline
Measure of water density
Semount
Volcanic mountains tops below sea surface
What three things is water highest for?
Surface tension
Latent heat of vaporization
Latent heat of fusion
Also dissolves the most substances
Period
Time it takes for two successive wave crests to pass a fixed point
Trade winds
Northeast to southwest
Westerlies
Middle latitudes; west-southwest
Polar easterlies
High latitudes; east-west
North-hemisphere wind belts
Trade winds
Westerlies
Polar easterlies
Each mirrored in Southern Hemisphere.
Gyres
Large circular current patterns
Low tide
Follows high tide. Water to minimum elevation
Spring tides
Recurs every two weeks near new and full moons. Characterized by greater-than-average tidal range
Neap tide
Recurs every two weeks near quarter moons. Characterized by kea than average tidal range
Semi diurnal tides
Patterns with two high tides and two low tides each lunar day
Mixed semi diurnal tides
Patterns during a lunar day with 2 unequal high tides and 2 unequal low tides.
Thermocline
Ocean layer, usually bear the button f the photic zone, marked by a sharp change in temperature that separates the warmer surface waters from the colder deeper ones
Tide tables
Published predictions concerning tide
Meiosis
Impairing of paired chromosomes
Fertilization
Recombining chromosomes to form totally new chromosome pairings
Gametes
Eggs or sperm
Zygote
Combined egg and sperm
Haploid cell
Contains only one of each type of chromosome characteristic of its species
Diploid
Cells containing two of each type of chromosome characteristic to its species
Flagellum
On cell used for motion
Mitochondria
Associated with enzymes involved in respiration and energy release
Endoplasmic reticulum
Have ribosomes arranged on them
Chloroplasts
Sites for photosynthesis
Producers
Autotrophic
Consumers and decomposes
Heterotrophic
Detritus
Waste products if dead remains of organisms from all other tropic levels
