Ch 1,2,3 Final Exam Flashcards
<p>What is athletic training?</p>
A health care profession practiced by athletic trainers who collaborate with physicians to optimize activity and clients.
<p>What does athletic training encompass?</p>
Athletic training focuses on prevention, diagnosis, and intervention of emergency, acute, and chronic medical conditions.
<p>Students who want to become certified athletic trainers must earn what?</p>
A degree
<p>What are six places that athletic trainers can provide services?</p>
- Health care rehab
- military
- occupational health
- perfoming arts
- physician practice
- public safety
<p>What are credentials?</p>
A qualification, typically used to show that they are qualified for something.
<p>What does NATA stand for?</p>
National Athletic Trainer’s Association.
<p>Roles of an athletic trainer</p>
injury prevention evaluation and assessment care of injuries treatment organization professional development
<p>difference between rehabilitation and reconditioning</p>
rehabilitation is the process of getting a person back to normal function following an injury or illness.
reconditioning is getting the athlete back into shape for athletic participation
<p>what is sports medicine?</p>
sports medicine is not a single career, but instead a widely varied group of professionals all concerned with the health and well being of an athlete.
<p>5 people who make of the central sports medicine team?</p>
<p>Athletes parents team physician certified athletic trainer coaches</p>
<p>what type of specialist is commonly a team physician</p>
<p>an orthopedic physician</p>
<p>primary care physician</p>
<p>perform routine check-ups and provide care for patients</p>
<p>podiatrist</p>
<p>specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of conditions of the foot, ankle, and lower leg</p>
<p>allergist</p>
<p>specializes in the diagnosis and treatement of asthma and other allergic diseases</p>
<p>urologist</p>
<p>specializes in diseases of the urinary tract and the male reproductive system</p>
<p>gynecologist</p>
<p>specializes in deseases of the female genital tract and women's health</p>
<p>cardiologist</p>
<p>specializes in blodd bessels, the heart, and the cardiovascular system</p>
<p>pediatrician</p>
<p>manages the health of children, including physical behavior, and mental issues</p>
<p>neurologist</p>
<p>treats disorderes that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves</p>
<p>chiropractors</p>
<p>seeks to prevent and treat health problems by using spinal adjustments</p>
<p>registered dietician </p>
<p>can offer help with the choice of foods a person eats and drinks</p>
<p>what is a physician assistant</p>
<p>they practice medicine and do many of the jobs doctors do</p>
<p>what are 3 places physician assistants can work</p>
<p>family medicine
internal medicine
emergency medicine</p>
<p>what is a physical therapist</p>
<p>specializes in fixing impariments and promotes mobility, function, and quality of life</p>
<p>what is a nurse practitioner</p>
<p>qualified to treat certain medical conditions without the direct supervision of a doctor</p>
<p>assessment of athletic injuries</p>
<p>understand what type of injury it is</p>
<p>exercise physiology</p>
<p>how the body responds to exercise and how a body can become more fit</p>
<p>first aid</p>
<p>to be able to treat injuries with medicine</p>
<p>human anatomy</p>
<p>understanding what is in the body and how those parts function</p>
<p>human physiology</p>
<p>the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical function of humans</p>
<p>biomechanics</p>
<p>the study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms</p>
<p>nutrition</p>
<p>the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.</p>
<p>pathology of injury and illness</p>
<p>priarily concerns the cause, origin, and nature of disease</p>
<p>phramacology</p>
<p>concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs</p>
<p>therapeutic modalities</p>
<p>using ultrasound therapy, shortwave diathermy</p>
<p>superior</p>
<p>towards the head or upper part of a structure</p>
<p>inferior</p>
<p>away from the head</p>
<p>anterior</p>
<p>front of the bodyq</p>
<p>posterior</p>
<p>back of the body</p>
<p>medial</p>
<p>in the middle of the body</p>
<p>lateral</p>
<p>the sides of the body</p>
<p>proximal</p>
<p>near the trunk</p>
<p>distal</p>
<p>away from the trunk</p>
<p>superficial</p>
<p>toward the surface of the body</p>
<p>deep</p>
<p>inside the body </p>
<p>3 primary functions of bones</p>
<p>helps with movement
blood cell production
protection of organs</p>
<p>how many bones in the human body</p>
<p>206</p>
<p>what is the epiphysis</p>
<p>the growth plate</p>
<p>what is cartilage</p>
<p>tough, flexible connective tissue that is found in many areas of the body</p>
<p>2 main functions of cartilage</p>
<p>shock absorption
| permit smooth bone movement</p>
<p>functions of muscles</p>
<p>generate movement
maintain body heat
postural alignment</p>
<p>functions of tendons</p>
<p>connect muscle to bone</p>
<p>functions of ligaments</p>
<p>connect bone to bone</p>
<p>what is the joint capsule</p>
<p>a thin, fibrous sac containing fluid, which surrounds an entire joint</p>
<p>what is the synovial membrane</p>
<p>the synovial membrane is a slick membrane lining inside a joint</p>
<p>what is flexion</p>
<p>the decreasing of the angle at a joint</p>
<p>what is extension</p>
<p>the increasing of the angle at a joint</p>
<p>what is hyperextension </p>
<p>represents a movement beyond anatomical position in the direction opposite the direction of flexion</p>
<p>adduction</p>
<p>bringing a body part toward the midline</p>
<p>abduction</p>
<p>moving a body part away from the midline</p>
<p>3 things about medial and lateral rotation</p>
<p>seen in the shoulder and hip
movement involved in the transverse plane
occurs with elbow/knee at 90 degrees</p>
<p>what is rotation</p>
<p>rotary movement around a fixed axis
moving of a body part in circular motion
</p>
<p>what 3 things happen when a tissue is injured</p>
<p>bleed
become inflamed
produce extra fluid</p>
<p>5 signs of inflammation</p>
<p>pain redness swelling loss of function heat</p>
<p>medical term for swelling</p>
<p>edema</p>
<p>what is a strain</p>
<p>stretching of a tendon</p>
<p>4 muscle groups that strains often occur in</p>
<p>hamstrings
quadriceps
gastrocnemius
groin</p>
<p>what is a sprain</p>
<p>a stretching of a ligament</p>
<p>what is joint laxity</p>
<p>lose joints due to lose ligaments</p>
<p>what is a contusion</p>
<p>a region of injured tissue in which blood capillaries have been ruptured</p>
<p>what is a hematoma</p>
<p>another name for the collection of blood under the skin</p>
<p>incision</p>
<p>a cut or wound made by cutting with a sharp object</p>
<p>abrasion</p>
<p>bleeding knee, falling</p>
<p>laceration</p>
<p>skin separates from the wound; scarring is frequent</p>
<p>avulsion</p>
<p>the forcible tearing away of a body part by trauma</p>
<p>amputation</p>
<p>cutting of bone</p>
<p>puncture</p>
<p>a wound that is deeper than it is wide</p>
<p>what is vasoconstriction</p>
<p>a blood vessel getting smaller</p>
<p>what is vasodilation</p>
<p>a blood vessel getting bigger</p>
<p>3 factors that slow down healing time</p>
<p>atrophy
infection
poor nutrition </p>
<p>what is a dislocation</p>
<p>disruption of integrity of a joint</p>
<p>4 injuries can a dislocation cause</p>
<p>avulsion fractures
strains
sprains
decreased blood flow</p>
<p>what is subluxation</p>
<p>when a joint dislocates and relocates on its own</p>
<p>avulsion fracture</p>
<p>tearing away of bone
| common in adolescents</p>
<p>stress fracture</p>
<p>microscopic damage to bone</p>
<p>epiphyseal</p>
<p>fracture to growth plate</p>
<p>spiral fracture</p>
<p>bone fracture occurring when torque is applied along the axis of bone</p>
<p>transverse fracture</p>
<p>broken piece of bone is at a right angle to the bone's axis</p>
<p>pathological</p>
<p>fracture caused by disease</p>
<p>2 common causes of pathological fractures</p>
<p>improper nutrition
| eating disorders</p>
<p>brain damage is possible after \_\_\_\_ minutes</p>
<p>4-6</p>
<p>Brain damage is likely after \_\_\_ </p>
<p>6-10 minutes</p>
<p>Irreversible brain damage is likely after \_\_\_</p>
<p>minutes</p>
<p>what does therapeutic mean?</p>
<p>something with healing properties</p>
<p>what does the I in impress stand for</p>
<p>Initial inflammatory phase</p>
<p>what does the M in IMPRESS stand for</p>
<p>mobility restoration phase</p>
<p>what does the P in IMPRESS stand for</p>
<p>proprioception phase</p>
<p>what does the R in IMPRESS stand for</p>
<p>resistance training</p>
<p>what does the E in IMPRESS stand for</p>
<p>endurance training (cardiovascular endurance)</p>
<p>what does the 2 S's in IMPRESS stand for</p>
<p>sports specific function</p>
<p>goals of the initial injury phase</p>
<p>control of inflammation which produces pain, swelling, warmth, and redness</p>
<p>What does the P in prices stand for</p>
<p>protection</p>
<p>what does the R in prices stand for</p>
<p>Rest</p>
<p>what does the I in prices stand for</p>
<p>Ice</p>
<p>What does the C in PRICES stand for</p>
<p>compression</p>
<p>what does the E in PRICES stand for</p>
<p>elevation</p>
<p>what does the S in PRICES stand for</p>
<p>Support</p>
<p>When can the mobility restoration phase be initiated</p>
<p>when they can tolerate the pain</p>
<p>what is Range of motion</p>
<p>the full movement </p>
<p>what is passive range of motion</p>
<p>ATC moves the injured body segment with the athlete relaxed
(PAIN TOLERANCE)</p>
<p>What is Active-assistive range of motion</p>
<p>ATC and athlete work together to move injured segement</p>
<p>what is Active range of motion</p>
<p>necessary before strengthening exercises can be initiated.</p>
<p>what is flexibility?</p>
<p>ability to move a joint through a full ROM without restritictions
normal flexibility is needed for normal function</p>
<p>what is proprioception?</p>
<p>the body's ability to get information to the brain in response to stimulus a rising from the boyd.</p>
<p>What are three types of exercises used to restore proprioception</p>
<p>BOSU
Balance board
dynadisk</p>
<p>explain the resistance training phase</p>
<p>Introduction of strength exercies</p>
<p>What are five examples of how resistance training can be performed</p>
<p>leg adduction plank side plank wall shin raises arm raises</p>
<p>what is muscular strength</p>
<p>muscular strength is the ability to lift a maximal amount of weight for one repetition</p>
<p>what is muscular endurance?</p>
<p>the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time</p>
<p>what is muscular power?</p>
<p>ability to contract the muscles with speed and force in short, explosive acts</p>
<p>explain the cardiovascular endurance phase</p>
<p>the prolonged ability of your heart and lungs to supply muscles with nutrients and oxygen</p>
<p>explain the muscular endurance phase</p>
<p>the ability of your muscles to perform contractions for long periods of time
(ex. # of curl-ups)</p>
<p>what are four examples of how these phases can be performed?</p>
<p>biking
jogging
curl-ups
push/pull ups</p>
<p>explain the sports-specific function phase</p>
<p>preparing the athlete to meet the demands of the sport they compete in</p>
<p>what are therapeutic modalities?</p>
<p>treatments used to facilitate healing
| Ex. heat, cold, ultrasound, electrical muscle stimulation</p>
<p>how are therapeutic modalities categorized?</p>
<p>thermal
electrical
mechanical</p>
<p>what are thermal elements?</p>
<p>transfer heat into/out of body tissue</p>
<p>what are indications?</p>
<p>a sign or piece of information that indicates somethin</p>
<p>what are contraindications?</p>
<p>signs to not do a treatment</p>
<p>indications for traction?</p>
<p>spinal disk protrusion degenerative disk disease soft tissue stiffness nerve root compression muscle spasm joint tightness</p>
<p>contraindications for traction</p>
<p>osteoporosis
malignant tumors
acute injuries</p>
<p>what are 8 factors that impede healing?</p>
<p>infection edema atrophy hemorrhage age of athlete muscle spams separation of tissue excessive scarring</p>
<p>what is hematoma</p>
<p>swelling or clotted blood</p>
<p>what is ecchymosis</p>
<p>a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath</p>
<p>what is cyanosis</p>
<p>a bluish discoloration of the skin</p>
<p>what is edema</p>
<p>swelling</p>
<p>what is congenital?</p>
<p>a disease that starts at birth</p>
<p>what is idiopathic?</p>
<p>a disease that arises spontaneousely</p>
<p>what is necrosis?</p>
<p>tissue death</p>
<p>what is contracture?</p>
<p>shortening or hardening of the muscles, tendons, or muscles</p>
<p>what is atrophy?</p>
<p>muscle shrinking</p>
<p>what is dyspnea?</p>
<p>difficult or labored breathing</p>
<p>what is apnea?</p>
<p>temporary cessation of breathing</p>
<p>what is crepitus?</p>
<p>a grating sound produced by friction between bone and cartilage</p>
<p>What are the three lateral ligaments of the ankle?</p>
<p>anterior talofibular
posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular</p>
<p>what are the medial ligaments?</p>
<p>deltoid ligaments</p>
<p>lateral sprains // what structures are injured?</p>
<p>ATF
PTF
CF</p>
<p>lateral sprains// mechanisms</p>
<p>inversion combined with plantarflexion
| </p>
<p>what is the MCL</p>
<p>medial collateral ligament
attaches femur to tibia
provides valgus/medial stability</p>
<p>What is the LCL</p>
<p>lateral collateral ligament
attaches femur to fibula
vaurs/lateral stability</p>
<p>what is the ACL</p>
<p>anterior cruciate ligament
keeps tibia form moving forward on femur
controls rotation of the knee</p>
<p>what is the PCL</p>
<p>posterior cruciate ligament
| prevents tibia from moving posterior on femur</p>
<p>what is knee cartilage called</p>
<p>meniscus</p>
<p>what are the functions of the meniscus</p>
<p>sponge-like material used as shock absorbers and stabilizers within the knee
attached to the top of tibia</p>
<p>Medial meniscus is more what?</p>
<p>prone to injuries</p>
<p>why is the lateral meniscus injured less?</p>
<p>it has greater freedom of movement</p>
<p>what are the four quadriceps muscles?</p>
<p>Rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis</p>
<p>what are the functions of the rectus femoris?</p>
<p>knee extension
| hip flexion</p>
<p>what are the functions of the vastus lateralis?</p>
<p>knee extension</p>
<p>what are the functions of the vastus intermedius</p>
<p>knee extension</p>
<p>what are the functions of the vastus medialis?</p>
<p>knee extension</p>
<p>what are the posterior thigh muscles called?</p>
<p>hamstrings</p>
<p>What are the three hamstring muscles? Functions?</p>
<p>biceps femoris
semitenainosus
semimembranosus
hip extension and knee flexion</p>
<p>what is the illiotibial band?</p>
<p>the distal attachment of the tensor fascia latae muscle
| provides lateral support of the knee</p>
<p>what is the bursa sac and its functions?</p>
<p>small fluid filled sac lined by synovial membrane
| provides cushion between bones and tendons around an injury</p>
<p>how many bursa sacs are in the knee?</p>
<p>11 bursae</p>
<p>mechanisms of MCL injuries?</p>
<p>valgus force</p>
<p>what is the mechanism of LCL injuries</p>
<p>varus force</p>
<p>S/S of MCL/LCL injuries</p>
<p>swelling, pain , discoloration
inflammation
instability/ joint laxity</p>
<p>what is joint laxity?</p>
<p>a looseness in the joint not present in the uninjured leg</p>
<p>Four streps in the immediate treatment of a suspected MCL/LCL injury?</p>
<p>PRICE
ROM as tolerated
orthopedic referral</p>
<p>Which meniscus is injured most often? why?</p>
<p>medial firmly attached to medial collateral ligament and joint capsule</p>
<p>meniscus injury // mechanism?</p>
<p>valgus force</p>
<p>S/S of meniscus injuries</p>
<p>edema developing over 48-72 hour period joint line pain and loss of motion intermittent locking and giving way pain w/ squatting clicking and/or popping in the knee</p>
<p>treatment // meniscus injury</p>
<p>rest
ice
pain receivers
physical therapy</p>
<p>what is a meniscectomy?</p>
<p>the surgical removal of all or part of a torn meniscus</p>
<p>mechanisms // ACL injuries</p>
<p>the athlete attempting to change directions
| jumping / landing</p>
<p>s/s of ACL injuries</p>
<p>Rapid moderate to severe edema
moderate to severe pian
instability
athlete will report hearing or feeling a "pop"</p>
<p>immediate treatment // ACL injury</p>
<p>PRICE, IMMOBILIZE knee, crutches
| referral to an orthopedic MD</p>
<p>long-term treatment // ACL injury</p>
<p>surgical repair
| rehabilitation for 6-10 months</p>
<p>what is the unhappy triad?</p>
<p>an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and the medial meniscus.</p>
<p>mechanisms // PCL sprains</p>
<p>athlete falling on a bent knee
hyper flexion
blow to the anterior tibia
hyperextension</p>
<p>s/s of PCL injuries</p>
<p>may report "a pop"
sometimes doesn't well to the extent of a torn PCL
posterior tibial sag</p>
<p>immediate treatment // PCL injury</p>
<p>PRICES, NSAIDS</p>
<p>long- term treatment // PCL injury</p>
<p>Grade 1 and 2 - non-surgical
| Grade 3 - surgery</p>
<p>What is patella-femoral syndrome?</p>
<p>term for generalized knee pain
usually caused by abnormal stress on the joint
poor patellar tracking is usually the cause
this results in chondromalacia patella</p>
<p>what is chondromalacia patella?</p>
<p>a wearing away of cartilage being the patella
| (runner's knee)</p>
<p>mechanisms // chondromalacia</p>
<p>poor patellar tracking poor biomechanics overuse structural abnormality weak / under developed thigh muscles or quadriceps</p>
<p>what is the Q-angle</p>
<p>quadriceps femurs muscle angle</p>
<p>treatment of chondromalacia</p>
<p>correct biomechanics and structural abnormalities
strengthening of knee muscles
ice/ NSAIDS
bracing</p>
<p>what is a patellar dislocation?</p>
<p>athletes patella is forced laterally</p>
<p>mechanism // patellar dislocation?</p>
<p>when knee is bent and forced to twist inward</p>
<p>s/s of patellar dislocation?</p>
<p>patella will be positioned lateral
moderate-severe edema
pain
inability to move knee/leg</p>
<p>treatment // patellar dislocation</p>
<p>reduction by physician
immobilization
restore ROM, strength
use of a knee bone when returning to competition</p>
<p>what is patellar tendonitis?</p>
<p>cross section of knee in flexion</p>
<p>mechanism // patellar tendonitis</p>
<p>excessive tension over patellar tendon</p>
<p>s/s of patellar tendonitis</p>
<p>pain distal the patella
pain initially present only at beginning/end of activity
if untreated, pain will be present before during and after physical activity
going up and down stairs painful</p>
<p>treatment // patellar tendonitis</p>
<p>RICE decreased activity stretching and strengthening NSAIDS taping/ bracing of tendon</p>
<p>how might patellar tendonitis be avoided?</p>
<p>patellar brace</p>
<p>what is osgood-schlatter disease?</p>
<p>inflammation of the tibia tuberosity of the tibia
| tendon becomes irritated</p>
<p>s/s of osgood-schlatter disease</p>
<p>pain in the knee or leg below the knee
| limping / lump below knee</p>
<p>treatment of osgood-schlatter disease</p>
<p>ICE REST NSAIDS improve overall leg strength improve quadriceps flex</p>
<p>what is bursitis?</p>
<p>inflammation of a bursa
| typically in knee, elbow, or shoulder</p>
<p>s/s of bursitis in the knee</p>
<p>knee is warm to touch
moderate severe edema
squishy to touch
painful /point tender -> move to pressure</p>
<p>treatment // knee bursitis</p>
<p>PRICES
protection
risk of infection is high</p>
<p>2 types of knee bursitis</p>
<p>pre-patellar bursitis
| pes anserine bursitis</p>
<p>treatment of bursitis?</p>
<p>joint protection
rest, ice, and pain relievers
RICE</p>
<p>specific conditions might a woman be more prone to ?</p>
<p>ACL tears shin splints patellar tendonitis patellar dislocations IT band syndrome chondromalacia</p>
<p>four main bones of the skull</p>
<p>frontal (anterior)
parietal (superior)
occipital (posterior)
temporal (lateral)</p>
<p>medical term for the jaw bone</p>
<p>mandible</p>
<p>medical term for the maxilla</p>
<p>the upper jaw</p>
<p>how many pounds of force can the skull withstand?</p>
<p>425 Ib</p>
<p>function of the frontal lobe</p>
<p>voluntary muscle movement, emotion, and eye movement</p>
<p>function // occipital</p>
<p>vision</p>
<p>function // parietal</p>
<p>sensation</p>
<p>function // temporal</p>
<p>hearing and speech</p>
<p>function // cerebellum</p>
<p>equilibrium, muscle actions, some reflexes</p>
<p>function of cerebrospinal fluid</p>
<p>protection
provides vital chemicals
helps maintain pressure</p>
<p>4 ways head injuries can be prevented</p>
<p>helmets
mouth guards
rules
common sense</p>
<p>mechanisms // head injuries</p>
<p>impact or rotation</p>
<p>what is a coup injury</p>
<p>caused by stationary skull being hit by an object traveling at a high velocity</p>
<p>what is a contra coup injury</p>
<p>a skull in motion moving at a high velocity is suddenly stopped</p>
<p>s/s concussion</p>
<p>nausea /vomiting some mental confusion amnesia unsteadiness tinnitus dizziness headache difficulty speaking possible battle sign</p>
<p>define battle sign</p>
<p>discoloration behind the ear</p>
<p>what is tinnatus</p>
<p>ringing in your ears</p>
<p>what is retrograde amnesia</p>
<p>the inability to recall events prior to the onset of injury</p>
<p>what is anterograde amnesia</p>
<p>the inability to remember events following the injury</p>
<p>what is nystagmus?</p>
<p>rapid fluttering of the eyes</p>
<p>what is post-concussion syndrome?</p>
<p>a combination of post-concussion symptoms
| occurs within 7-10 days ; goes away after 3 months</p>
<p>s/s of post-concussion syndrome?</p>
<p>headaches
| dizziness</p>
<p>treatment of post-concussion syndrome</p>
<p>rest
| removed from play</p>
<p>C 1-2</p>
<p>Neck flexion</p>
<p>C3</p>
<p>lateral neck flexion</p>
<p>C4 </p>
<p>shoulder elevation</p>
<p>C5</p>
<p>shoulder abduction</p>
<p>C6</p>
<p>Elbow flexion</p>
<p>C7</p>
<p>elbow extension</p>
<p>C8</p>
<p>Thumb extension, finger flexion</p>
<p>T1</p>
<p>finger abduction</p>
<p>L2</p>
<p>hip flexion</p>
<p>L3</p>
<p>knee extension</p>
<p>L4</p>
<p>ankle dorsiflexion and inversion</p>
<p>L2, 3, 4</p>
<p>hip adductors</p>
<p>L5</p>
<p>great toe extension, hip abduction</p>
<p>S1</p>
<p>ankle plantar flexion, hip extension</p>
<p>S2</p>
<p>knee flexion</p>
<p>what are the four segments of the spine</p>
<p>cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral</p>
what are the bones of the spine called?
disc, cervical vertebra
3 main functions of the bony spinal column
protect spinal cord
hold body upright for walking
site for muscular attachments
3 main functions of the intervertebral disks?
serve as shock absorbers and resist compression during activity
keep vertebrae separated
provide space for nerves to exit the spinal cord
3 shortcomings of the disks
do not have a good blood supply
poor healing
disks compress over time
functions of trapezius
shoulder elevation
horizontal abduction
latissimus dorsi functions
shoulder adduction
shoulder extension
erector spinae functions
trunk extension
controls the rate of trunk flexion
rhomboids functions
scapular retraction
what is kyphosis
excessive thoracic curve
what is lordosis
excessive forward curve
what is spondylolisthesis?
occurs when one vertebra slips forward on the adjacent vertebra on the adjacent vertebrae
s/s of spondylolisthesis?
pain / numbness
weakness in muscles
2 surgical options for spondylolisthesis
spinal fusion
freezes nerve
what is spondylolysis?
a defect/ fracture in the posterior part of the spine
mechanism // spondylolysis
microtrauma to certain joints
what is scoliolosis?
lateral curvature of the spine with associate of muscle imbalances
which part of the spine do the majority of disk injuries occur in?
lumbar
mechanism of intervertebral disk injuries
poor posture over time forced flexion/extension under weight poor biomechanics obesity rarely will a fail cause a herniated disk
s/s of intervertebral disk injuries
burning pain
numbness/ tingling
weakness of the lower extremities
symptoms tend to be aggravated by sitting
treatment // intervertebral disk injuries
physical therapy
addressing poor posture / obesity
discectomy / spinal fusion
mechanisms // cervical spine injuries
fractures occur as a result of axial loading
dislocations are usually the result of neck flexion combined with rotation
what is axial loading
direct blow to the head with cervical spine aligned
s/s cervical spine injury
pain around cervical spine
weakness, numbness, and tingling down the arms
possible deformity
treatment // cervical spine injury
take charge of the situation
call 911
stabilize the cervical spine
primary survey
what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
it is a glenohumeral joint
four bones of the shoulder
humerus
clavicle
scapula
sternum
another term for clavicle
collarbone
another term for the sternum
breastbone
another term for the scapula
shoulder blade
what is the glenoid fossa?
a shallow depression on a bone into which another bone fits to form a joint
what is the glenoid labrum?
a ring of tissue that encircles the glenoid fossa
serves as an attachment for the head of the humerus
function of supraspinatus
abducts/ elevates the shoulder joint to side
function of infraspinatus
externally rotates the shoulder joint
function of teres minor
externally rotates the shoulder joint
function of subscapularis
depresses the head of the humerus allowing it to move freely
also stabilizes the head of the humerus
internal/ medial rotation
3 functions of the deltoid muscle
abduction
flexion
extension
function of the serratus anterior
protracts scapula
3 main joints of the shoulder
acromioclavicular
glenohumeral
sternoclavicluar
2 most commonly injured joints of the shoulder
acromioclavicular joint
glenohumeral joint
common causes of shoulder injuries
fall to the outstretched arm
direct blow to shoulder
overuse
another term for an AC ligament sprain
shoulder separation
mechanisms // AC injuries
a fall onto an adducted arm up against the body
pushes the shoulder hip down
treatment of a 1st degree AC sprain
ICE , support/sling
NSAIDS
ROM
protective padding when resuming activity
treatment of a 2nd and 3rd degree AC sprain
most likely need surgery
mechanisms // muscle and tendon injuries in the shoulder
overuse
treatment // chronic shoulder injuries
rest, ice
NSAIDS
correction of muscle imbalances
orthopedic referral
mechanisms of rotator cuff strain
excessive motion beyond ROM
repetition
impingement syndrome
most often injured rotator cuff sprain
the supraspinatus
s/s of rotator cuff strain
pinching of the supraspinatus and/or biceps tendon in the space under the acromion process
what athletes are more prone to rotator cuff strains
swimmers
baseball players
volleyball players
s/s of impingement syndrome
difficulty reaching up behind the back
pain w/ overhead use of the arm and weakness of shoulder muscles
treatment // impingement syndrome
ICE, rest, anti-inflammatories
strengthening of scapular region
complete tears are surgically repaired
mechanisms // clavicular fractures
falling onto an outstretched arm
direct blow to the clavicle
s/s of clavicular fractures
pain
swelling
bruising
most common type of shoulder dislocation
anterior dislocation
a fall to an outstretched arm
s/s of a shoulder dislocation
pain in the shoulder
swelling
inability to move joint
bruising
treatment // shoulder dislocation
calm athlete down
stabilize shoulder
call 911
assess circulation and sensation
2 ways circulation can be assessed
color
temperature
capillary refill
how many bones are in the foot
26
medial malleolus is the distal head of the ____
tibia
lateral malleolus is the distal head of the ____
fibula
what is turf toe
stretching/ tearing of the ligaments in the great toe
mechanism of turf toe
forceful hyperextension
s/s of turf toe
pain
swelling
limited joint movement
3 examples of NSAIDS
advil
motrin
aleve
most common mechanism // lateral ankle sprain
inversion combined with plantarflexion
mechanism of medial ankle sprain
eversion
pes plans increases risk
s/s of 1st degree sprain
mild stretching of the ligaments
little loss of function, ROM, strength
no discoloration
s/s of a 2nd degree sprain
moderate loss of function
etc
s/s of a 3rd degree sprain
severe pain
swelling
tenderness
what is an ankle dislocation
a separation of the tibia and fibula from the talus
mechanisms of an ankle dislocation
foot is forced inward/ outward
foot is planted and lower leg is forcibly rotated internally
treatment // ankle dislocation
immobilize and apply light pressure
possible open fracture
mechanisms of achilles tendonitis
repetitive running and/ or jumping
s/s of achilles tendonitis
edema tenderness crepitus pain w/ palpation weakness w/ PF
treatment of Achilles tendonitis
rest/ ice
NSAIDS
strengthening exercises
mechanism of achilles tendon rupture
forced DF
blow to achilles
sudden, forceful contraction of gastrocnemius
s/s of achilles tendon rupture
extreme pain
swelling
discoloration
loss or ability to PF
treatment of achilles tendon rupture
surgery, non surgical treatments are okay too
mechanism of a jones fracture
forceful contraction of peroneal muscles when foot is in inversion
what is a stress fracture
tiny cracks in a bone caused by repetitive actions
mechanism of stress fracture
overuse
s/s of stress fracture
typically seen in lower third of tibia increased pain with activity specific point tenderness pain above and below injury site night pain
treatment of stress fracture
ice , rest
physical referral
sometimes surgery
define avascular
area of the body that has poor blood supply
mechanisms of shin splints
pes planus muscle imbalance/ weakness improper/ incomplete warm-up poor flexibility / lack of stretching poor biomechanics poor footwear
s/s of shin splints
pain in the leg
tenderness and soreness
what is anterior compartment syndrome
fluid build up within the compartments of lower leg
what is plantar fascitis
pain and inflammation of the plantar fascia
mechanism of plantar fascitis
overuse
overweight
pregnancy
improper footware
s/s of plantar fascitis
pain on bottom of foot by heel thats worse w/ your 1st steps in the morning
what is a heel spur
pointed bony outgrowth on the calcareous
caused by chronic inflmmation
mechanisms of hip dislocation
caused by violent force
compression trauma or rotation trauma
s/s of hip dislocation
severe pain in hip
leg in affected side apears
treatment of hip dislocation
call 911
stabilize victim and treat for shock
mechanism of hip pointer
blow to the illiac crest
s/s of hip pointer
swelling
pain
decreased movement
point tenderness
treatment of hip pointer
initially rest, ice, compression
mechanisms // trochanteric bursitis
direct blow to greater trochanter
overuse
mechanism of illiotibial band syndrome
irrigation between the it band and the femoral ?? repetitive movement with tight it band bow legs pes planes leg length discrepancy
s/s of illiotibial band syndrome
stabbing/ stinging on outside
swelling
tightness
s/s of strains
possible swelling pain decreased movement point tenderness muscle spasm
mechanism of femur fracture
usually violent
s/s of femur fracture
shortened leg
severe pain
severe internal bleeding
possible shock
mechanisms // hip muscle strains
sudden over stretching of the muscle
