Ch 1 & 2

Question 1

8 properties of life

Answer 1

Reproduction, genetic material, homeostasis, cells, grow & develop, energy (ATP), respond/adapt, evolve

Question 2

Scientific Method

Answer 2

Observe, ask questions, hypothesize, experiment, record/analyze data, conclude

Question 3

5 kingdom Taxonomy

Answer 3

5 kingdoms, animalia, plantae, protista, fungi, monera

Question 4

Modern classification

Answer 4

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 5

Reductionism

Answer 5

complex things into smaller parts

Question 6

Compounds

Answer 6

Made of atoms, smallest unit of matter

Question 7

CHNOPS+ trace elements

Answer 7

make up organic matter on earth

Question 8

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Answer 8

P- positive N- no charge (P, N found in nucleus) E- negative charge, outside nucleus

Question 9

Atomic Number

Answer 9

Number of protons, periodic table is organized by atomic number

Question 10

Atomic Mass

Answer 10

Number of protons plus neutrons

Question 11

Bonding

Answer 11

Rearranging of atoms, can only play with electrons since protons are stuck in nucleus

Question 12

Covalent bonds

Answer 12

Non- metals sharging ve-
Results in + and - charge
Similar electronegativities
Try to fill octet rule

Question 13

Ionic bonds

Answer 13

Metal & non-, 1 gains/looses
Results in ions (cation +, anion -)
Bond forms b/w oppositely charged ions

Question 14

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 14

Weak bond b/w + and - regions of 2 separate molecules

Question 15

Periodic Table with bonding

Answer 15

Periods- # of energy levels/shells to hold e-
Columns- # of valence electrons

Question 16

Isotopes & radioactive isotopes

Answer 16

Copies of same element with diff # of neutrons
RI- unstable & give off neutrons as energy (used to measure radioactive decay in fossils)

Question 17

Half life

Answer 17

Time for 1/2 a nuclei of isotope to decay

Question 18

Electronegativity

Answer 18

Tendency of atom to attract electrons for covalent bond

Question 19

Non-polar & polar

Answer 19

Non- constant sharing of e- (oxygen)
Polar- unequal sharing of e- (water)

Question 20

Cohesion & Adhesion

Answer 20

Co- water bonding tightly to other water molecules
Ad- water bonding tightly to other substances

Question 21

Thermal Energy

Answer 21

moves from warmer to cooler until both at same temp

Question 22

Specific heat

Answer 22

Amt of heat to raise temp of 1 gram of substance by 1 degree C (calorie)

Question 23

Explain adding salt to water

Answer 23

Increases surface tension making stronger hydrogen bonds so more energy to weaken bonds

Question 24

Explain dependence of water properties

Answer 24

Adhesive property gives high solvency in liquid state (bodies absorb & dissolve nutrients into cells)
cohesive property allows for unique HB making ice less dense than water (organisms survive in winter since only the top of water froze)
cohesive property allows it to absorb therm energy stabilizing effect (maintains temp w/o fluctuating to crazy)

Question 25

Explain how trees use water properties

Answer 25

Rely on capillary action to absorb the water and nutrients from roots Cohesion bonds water tightly together in the walls of the tree Adhesion allows the water to bond onto the walls resisting the pull of gravity Evaporation from leaves pulls water through water conducting cells

Question 26

Heat of vaporization

Answer 26

At 100 C freshwater evaporates Overcome vapor pressure of surrounding air to change from liquid to gas

Question 27

Endothermic

Answer 27

Absorb energy from surroundings producing a cooling effect (Q+)

Question 28

Exothermic

Answer 28

Release energy into system increase temp (Q-)

Question 29

Bond energy

Answer 29

Amount of energy to break 1 mole of molecule into component molecule

Question 30

Bonds form- Bonds break-

Answer 30

energy released energy gained

Question 31

Electron sharings in single double and triple bonds

Answer 31

Single= 2 double= 4 triple= 6

Question 32

pH scale

Answer 32

H2O dissociates to create hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions

Question 33

Acids

Answer 33

Release proton (H+) in solutions, have more H+ than OH-

Question 34

Bases

Answer 34

Accept protons (H+) in solutions, have more Oh- than H+

Question 35

Carbonic acid bicarbonate

Answer 35

Regulates biological systems pH, CO2 diffuses into red blood cells with little change to pH

Question 36

Buffers

Answer 36

Either absorbs or donates excess H+