AP Bio Chapter 3

Question 1

Carbons 4 ve-

Answer 1

Easy to form carbon molecules

Question 2

Molecular diversity in carbon skeletons

Answer 2

Linear backbone, varies in length, branching, double bond position, & rings

Question 3

Structural isomers

Answer 3

compounds with same chemical formula but different structure and chemical behaviors (geometric)

Question 4

Cis-trans isomers

Answer 4

Compounds with same chemical formulas but different locations of functional groups and chemical behaviors (geometric)

Question 5

Cis isomer

Answer 5

two x’s on same side

Question 6

Trans isomer

Answer 6

two x’s on opposite side

Question 7

Enantiomers

Answer 7

compounds with same chemical formulas but mirror image, identical chemical & physical properties
L- left D- right

Question 8

Dehydration reaction

Answer 8

Many monomers bond to polymer with the loss of water

Question 9

Examples of dehydration for carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Answer 9

Carbs- many monosac- 1 polysac
Proteins- many amino acids- 1 polypep
NA- many nucleotides- 1 nucleic acid (DNA)
Lipids- glycerol + 2 fatty acids- 1 lipid

Question 10

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 10

Break down polymers to monomers with water

Question 11

Examples of hydrolysis for carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Answer 11

Carbs- 1 polysac- many monosac
Proteins- 1 polypep- many amino acids
NA- 1 nucleic acid- many nucleotides
Lipids- 1 lipid- glycerol + 2 fatty acids

Question 12

ATP

Answer 12

Adenosine triphosphate
(ribose & adenine-adenosine)
3 phosphate groups (beta, alpha, gamma)

Question 13

ATP cycle

Answer 13

ATP releases phosphate and energy for cell, creates ADP, absorbs energy from food and gains phosphate

Question 14

Carbohydrates monomer

Answer 14

Monosaccharide (classified by # of C and placement of carbonyl group)
Fructose in fruits

Question 15

Dissacharides

Answer 15

Dehydration joins 2 monosaccharides with covalent bond of glycosidic linkage
glucose+fructose–>sucrose

Question 16

Carbohydrates polymers

Answer 16

Polysaccharides (struc & func determined by sugar monomer & position of glycosidic linkage)
Starch storage polysa in plants (made only of glucose monomers)
Glycogen storage polysac in animals found in liver & muscle cells

Question 17

Enzymes catalyze reactions

Answer 17

Digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages, cellulose in food digests as insoluble fiber

Question 18

Lipids

Answer 18

Fatty acid chains with carboxyl group
Hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tails- amphipathic
Separate from water since Hbond exclude fats phobic nature

Question 19

Phospholipid

Answer 19

2 fatty acids (phobic tail) and phosphate attach to glycerol (philic head) with ester linkage
Phospholipids self assemble in H2O forming bilayer in membranes

Question 20

Nucleic acids

Answer 20

DNA (double strand hidden base)
RNA (single strand exposed base)
DNA directs own replication
& synthesis of mRNA controlling protein synthesis

Question 21

DNA structure

Answer 21

Double helical
Made from nucleotides (base, sugar, phosphate)
Nucleotide order make genes

Question 22

Chargoff’s rule: base pairing

Answer 22

of bonds

Bases fit because
diff in molecule length & # of bonds

Question 23

Chargoff’s rule: size diff

Answer 23

Purines (larger molecules)
adenine guanina
Pyrimidines (smaller molecules)
cytosine thymine

Question 24

Chargoff’s rule bonds

Answer 24

Adenine=thymine
Cytosine—guanine

Question 25

Amino acids contain

Answer 25

carboxyl and amino group, alpha carbon attached to r group (differing properties)

Question 26

Polymer of Proteins

Answer 26

Polypeptides formed by peptide bonds of amino acids

Question 27

Denaturation

Answer 27

Changes in pH, salt concentration, temp, environmental factors cause protein to denature & lose function

Question 28

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 28

primary- chain of amino acids secondary- amino acids chains linked by hbonds tertiary- alpha helix & beta pleated sheet attract quaternary- when protein has more than 1 polypeptide chain

Question 29

Amino acids polarity and interaction with water

Answer 29

Polar are hydrophilic Non-polar are hydrophobic Charges are hydrophilic

Question 30

Hemoglobin & sickle cell

Answer 30

Quaternary protein Carries O2 in body Change in amino acid sequence changes shape of rbc harder to flow O2 in body Receive bone marrow & healthy rbc