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AP Bio > AP Bio Chapter 3 > Flashcards

AP Bio Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbons 4 ve-

A

Easy to form carbon molecules

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2
Q

Molecular diversity in carbon skeletons

A

Linear backbone, varies in length, branching, double bond position, & rings

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3
Q

Structural isomers

A

compounds with same chemical formula but different structure and chemical behaviors (geometric)

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4
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

Compounds with same chemical formulas but different locations of functional groups and chemical behaviors (geometric)

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5
Q

Cis isomer

A

two x’s on same side

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6
Q

Trans isomer

A

two x’s on opposite side

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7
Q

Enantiomers

A

compounds with same chemical formulas but mirror image, identical chemical & physical properties
L- left D- right

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8
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Many monomers bond to polymer with the loss of water

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9
Q

Examples of dehydration for carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

A

Carbs- many monosac- 1 polysac
Proteins- many amino acids- 1 polypep
NA- many nucleotides- 1 nucleic acid (DNA)
Lipids- glycerol + 2 fatty acids- 1 lipid

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10
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Break down polymers to monomers with water

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11
Q

Examples of hydrolysis for carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

A

Carbs- 1 polysac- many monosac
Proteins- 1 polypep- many amino acids
NA- 1 nucleic acid- many nucleotides
Lipids- 1 lipid- glycerol + 2 fatty acids

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12
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate
(ribose & adenine-adenosine)
3 phosphate groups (beta, alpha, gamma)

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13
Q

ATP cycle

A

ATP releases phosphate and energy for cell, creates ADP, absorbs energy from food and gains phosphate

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14
Q

Carbohydrates monomer

A

Monosaccharide (classified by # of C and placement of carbonyl group)
Fructose in fruits

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15
Q

Dissacharides

A

Dehydration joins 2 monosaccharides with covalent bond of glycosidic linkage
glucose+fructose–>sucrose

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16
Q

Carbohydrates polymers

A

Polysaccharides (struc & func determined by sugar monomer & position of glycosidic linkage)
Starch storage polysa in plants (made only of glucose monomers)
Glycogen storage polysac in animals found in liver & muscle cells

17
Q

Enzymes catalyze reactions

A

Digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages, cellulose in food digests as insoluble fiber

18
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty acid chains with carboxyl group
Hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tails- amphipathic
Separate from water since Hbond exclude fats phobic nature

19
Q

Phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids (phobic tail) and phosphate attach to glycerol (philic head) with ester linkage
Phospholipids self assemble in H2O forming bilayer in membranes

20
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA (double strand hidden base)
RNA (single strand exposed base)
DNA directs own replication
& synthesis of mRNA controlling protein synthesis

21
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helical
Made from nucleotides (base, sugar, phosphate)
Nucleotide order make genes

22
Q

Chargoff’s rule: base pairing

A

of bonds

Bases fit because
diff in molecule length & # of bonds

23
Q

Chargoff’s rule: size diff

A

Purines (larger molecules)
adenine guanina
Pyrimidines (smaller molecules)
cytosine thymine

24
Q

Chargoff’s rule bonds

A

Adenine=thymine
Cytosine—guanine

25
Q

Amino acids contain

A

carboxyl and amino group, alpha carbon attached to r group (differing properties)

26
Q

Polymer of Proteins

A

Polypeptides formed by peptide bonds of amino acids

27
Q

Denaturation

A

Changes in pH, salt concentration, temp, environmental factors cause protein to denature & lose function

28
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

primary- chain of amino acids
secondary- amino acids chains linked by hbonds
tertiary- alpha helix & beta pleated sheet attract
quaternary- when protein has more than 1 polypeptide chain

29
Q

Amino acids polarity and interaction with water

A

Polar are hydrophilic
Non-polar are hydrophobic
Charges are hydrophilic

30
Q

Hemoglobin & sickle cell

A

Quaternary protein
Carries O2 in body
Change in amino acid sequence changes shape of rbc harder to flow O2 in body
Receive bone marrow & healthy rbc

AP Bio (4 decks)

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