ch. 1 Flashcards
? is single celled microorganism, lacking a nucleus
bacteria
? are chemicals that kill or slow the growth of BACTERIAL pathogens; these chemicals will do NOTHING for VIRUSES.
antibiotics
when M. Tb evolves to resist every antibiotic it causes ?-?
MDR-Tb
streptomycetes produce most ? and is a soil bacteria that is used to kill ?-? pathogens
antibiotics, disease-causing
life began w ?
microbes
? are disease-causing agents like ?, ?, and viruses; germs
pathogens, bacteria, fungi
a ? is a microscopic ? organism
microbe, living
a cell is the ?
smallest unit of life
? is crucial for understanding how microbes respond to treatment
relatedness
the word microbe is considered hard to describe, why?
bc some organisms are classified as microbes while being macroscopic; some microbes can be seen w/ the naked eye & are classified as non-living
? are a single and specific type of organism
species
a ? is a complete genetic sequence of an organism
genome
characteristics of prokaryotes:
no nucleus, small, single-celled; consists of bacteria and archaea
characteristics of eukaryotes:
possess a nucleus, larger than prokaryotes, single and multicellular; consists of protozoa, fungi, algae
archaea are ? organisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes; a fun fact is that they ?
prokaryotic, do not cause diseases
protozoa is a ? ? organism
heterotrophic eukaryote
heterotrophic means that
an organism obtains its nutrients by consuming other organisms and organic matter
? is a microbial eukaryote that contains chloroplasts & conducts photosynthesis
algae
protists are ?-celled eukaryotic microbes; they are ? and motile
single, heterotrophic
? are classified as heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain their nutrients by reabsorption
fungi
a ? is any organism that ? and harms its ? by deriving nutrients for its benefit
parasite, colonizes, host
a virus is a ?-cellular microbe whose ? replicates only ? a cell
non, genome, inside
methanogens live inside human and animal ?; they release ? in gas
intestines, methane
a ? is an organism that obtains ? by taking electrons from ? molecules & reduces ?
lithotroph, energy, inorganic, CO2
Catherine of Siena nursed those w the ? and ?; she is regarded as the patron saint of nurses
bubonic plague, leprosy
Robert ? was the 1st to build a ? microscope
Hooke, compound
Antonie van ? was the 1st to build a ? microscope
Leeuwenhoek, single-lens
spontaneous generation: the outdated theory that stated that ?
life can spontaneously arise from non-living matter
Lazzaro ? sought to disprove ? ?, and discovered cell ? and heat ? to prevent the growth of microbes
Spallanzani, spontaneous generation, fission, sterilization
cell ? is the process by which cells arise by the splitting of 2 ? cells
fission, preexisting
? is the catabolism of substances to release ? w/o O2; the process by which microbes gain energy by converting ? into alcohol
fermentation, energy, sugars
? is a device that uses pressurized steam to ? materials; it uses a high temp above the ? point of water at standard pressure
autoclave, sterilize, boiling
Louis ? discovered fermentation
Pasteur
John ? stated that repeated cycles of ? are needed to ? materials and eliminate ?
Tyndall, heat, sterilize, spores
the germ theory of disease states that
specific diseases are caused by specific microbes
overcrowding causes
increase rates of disease-related mortality
? ? kept detailed records of disease rates and mortality, and used statistics to improve practice; she campaigned for regular hand washing and clean hospital conditions and founded the polar area chart, leading to improved health policies.
Florence Nightingale
public health is the profession where ? and ? are monitored and assessed
health, diseases
CDC stands for
centers for disease control and prevention
WHO stands for
world health organization
? is a symptom of a cutaneous anthrax; the treatment for cutaneous anthrax is ?
eschar; ciprofloxacin
Robert ? identified causes of ? and ?; he demonstrated the chain of infection
the chain of infection consists of factors that affect the ?
Koch, Tb, anthrax
spread of diseases
? culture contains only ? species of a microorganism, ensuring that no other microbes mix, as ? is vital for studying specific ?, and properties of that microorganism
pure, 1, isolation, behaviors
colony (ies) are visible ? of ? derived from a ? founding microbe; they are put on a medium known as a ? ?
clusters, microbes, single, petri dish
Julius Richard ? invented the ? dish that is used to grow and ? microorganisms
Petri, petri, study
DOTS stands for ? and its purpose is to
directly observed therapy, ensure that patients properly complete their treatment and prevent the spread of Tb
? is a ?-like substance that is used for ? microorganisms by providing a solid surface for them to grow
agar, jelly, culturing
Koch’s postulates is a list of ? criteria that must be met for a ? to be designated as the ? ? of an ? disease.
1: the microbe must be ? in ? cases of the ? but ? in the healthy
2: the microbe must be ? from the diseased host and grown in ? culture
3: if the microbe is introduced to a ? host it causes the same disease as was in the infected host
4: when the microbe was introduced to the healthy host, the same ? was present
4, microbe, causative agent, infectious
present, all, disease, not
isolated, pure
healthy
strain
???: is used to detect disease by ? the # of ? of any DNA/RNA sequence
ex: if the sequence: IS6110 or rpoB is detected, this result would highly suggest that one has contracted Tb
PCR (polymerase chain reaction), amplifying, replications (copies)
attenuated means
weakened
Lady Mary ? introduced the practice of ? ? to Europe
Montagu, smallpox inoculation (vaccination)
? is the resistance to a specific disease thanks to your ? system which is responsible for fighting off these ?. one way to prevent illnesses is by ? which is the stimulation of an immune response by inoculation w an ? pathogen
immunity, immune, pathogens, immunization, attenuated
an ? is a chemical liquid used to kill ? on living ?
antiseptic, microbes, tissues
? means free of microbes
aseptic
an antibiotic is a ? that can ? or inhibit the growth of a selected and specific ?
molecule, kill, microbe/microorganism
Alexander ? discovered ?; Florey and Chain ? penicillin to save lives
Fleming, penicillin, purified
Edward ? established the practice of ?
Jenner, vaccination
Semmelweis and ? discovered that ? could prevent the transmission of ? from doctor to patient
Lister, antiseptics, pathogens
the purpose of ? culture is to significantly increase the # of the target microorganism by ? it and cultivating the proper environment for it to flourish, therefore ? the number & production of that target microorganism and making it easier to ?, ? and isolate
enrichment, isolating, increasing, study, identify
nitrogen fixation is the process by which ? is converted to ? to be used for ? by plants; specifically ? and ? which are ?; these organisms are the only type of microbe that can undergo this process.
nitrogen, ammonia, growth, bacteria, archaea, prokaryotes
? is the intimate relationship where both organisms benefit
mutualism
? is the intimate association of 2 species
symbiosis
? are organisms that live ? the cells or bodies of other organisms; they live in ? cells
endosymbionts, inside, larger
endosymbiotic bacteria (? bacteria) provides ? to the host cells, which provides ? and nutrients to the endosymbionts
gut, nutrients, protection
? is the term used to describe the collection/community of microbes, inc. genes and activity
microbiome
? ? is a technique used to determine the order of bases
DNA sequence
