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Psych 381 > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

who said that the brain was not involved in producing behavior?

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

what did Aristotle say the brain was involved in?

A

cool the blood

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3
Q

what is the psyche?

A

mind, consciousness
- immaterial entity that is the source of human behavior

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4
Q

what is mentalism?

A

explains behavior as the product of an immaterial mind

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5
Q

what is the mind-body problem?

A

dualism vs monism
brain > body -> not all reflexes go to the brain before action is taken

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6
Q

who created dualism?

A

Descartes

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7
Q

what is dualism?

A

mind and body are separate
- contributes to behavior in humans
- animals lack a mind
- body is tangible while mind is not
- humans have a mind so they can move with intention

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8
Q

what connects the mind to the body?

A

pineal gland found in the center midline

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the pineal gland?

A

controls the flow of fluid through ventricles to fill the muscles of the body and create movement -> hydraulic pressure (doesn’t explain how actions occur
- it is important as it is not a duplicated structure

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10
Q

what is the true purpose of the pineal gland?

A

regulates the sleep wake cycle
- muscles and nerves are not holllow tubes as initially said

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11
Q

what is Cartesian Dualism?

A

voluntary (mind) and involuntary (reflexes) behavior

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12
Q

what’s the involuntary pathway for Cartesian Dualism?

A

external stimuli -> sense organs -> brain -> pineal gland -> mind -> interpretation (humans only for actions/involuntary behaviors)

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13
Q

what is the voluntary pathways?

A

mind to pineal gland to brain to muscles

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14
Q

what are the critical evaluations of Descartes and which one is T?

A
  • Humans and non-human animals show automatic response to environmental stimuli (T)
  • The process of behaving involves one set of nerves (one pathway)
  • Nerves are hollow tubes filled with fluid (animal spirits) that create movement
  • Reflexes are innate and fixed
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15
Q

what is the actual pathway for an action to occur?

A

stimulus - receptor - sensory neuron - interneuron (spinal cord in CNS) - motor neuron - effector - response

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16
Q

what is the pathway that occurs for quick reflexives?

A

sensory neuron - interneuron (reflex arc) - motor neuron

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17
Q

what is nativism?

A

philosophy that we are born with innate ideas
- automatic things that happen bc we are human
- act a certain way bc we are born that way

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18
Q

what is empiricism?

A

all ideas in the mind come from experience
- rxn to nativism
- key to this class bc we learn from the consequences of our actions

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19
Q

why does dualism create issues to study behavior?

A

need to see the patterns that cause behavior and create connection between mental processes and the brain so we need monism

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20
Q

what is monism?

A

mind and body consist of same substance
- actions and thought in brain create mind

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21
Q

what is materialistic monism?

A

mind and body are physical

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22
Q

Locke

A
  • all ideas acquired through experience
  • tabula rasa - clean slate
  • opp to nativism
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23
Q

Hobbes

A

voluntary behavior is predictable and lawful (similar to reflex)
- agreed with Descartes
- set of rules so it is like a reflex
-> Hedonism

24
Q

what is hedonism?

A

pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain
- get us what we want and avoid unpleasant things by acting a certain way

25
association
linking concepts and thoughts - simple association combine into complex ideas - sound + word = dog - word + sound + concept -> simple made complex
26
what are the primary laws of association?
- contiguity - similarity - contrast -> similar to Gestalt principles
27
what is contiguity?
when things occur close to each other in time and space -> maple leaves on the ground and bare trees are around it so safe to assume the trees are maple trees
28
temporal contiguity
close in time - loud bang + red light = jump scare so now every time you see a red light you jump
29
similarity
two things share some feature - husky + other fluffy dog - similar features so grouped together as Dog - less similar may get added into group bc its context based
30
contrast
things that are opposite in some feature - no modern evidence - loud vs quiet -> categorized as separate usually
31
who created the secondary laws of association?
Brown
32
what are the secondary laws of association?
- intensity - frequency - recency - existing associations
33
what is the problem about the rules of association?
philosophers did not perform experiments to validate rules
34
what did Ebbinghaus do?
used nonsense syllables to test rules of association -> limits the confounding variable of prior associations - SEH
35
how did Ebbinghaus test rules of association?
memorize list then test for ability to recall under different conditions -> diff lvls of training -> closeness in list forgetting curve(how fast info decays), learning curve(how quickly they learn info), spacing effect- different permutations - no conclusions bc biases and limited sample
36
what theory of Descartes was right?
basic theory of reflex arc - stimulus in enviro triggers a response - mechanisms are not right
37
what did Sechenov and Pavlov do?
better understanding of physiological processes responsible for reflex behavior -> uses 3 neurons that create automatic and innate response
38
what is behavior reflex?
without conscious intervention- classical conditioning (US-UR) reflexively
39
what did Sechenov do?
- input does not equal output ->response strength is independent of stimulus strength - explained voluntary thoughts and behavior as elicited by inconspicuous or faint stimuli -> extended use of reflex mechanisms to explain variety of behaviors - failed to address how experience can alter behavior
40
what did Pavlov do?
- S-R unit - new reflexes learned through association -> classically conditioned - Field of Functional Neurology -> Nervism: all behavioral and physiological processes regulated by nervous sys - studied digestion and reflexes in dogs
41
how does classical conditioning work in auditory illusions?
- tone played with visual stimulus - flash light on screen with tone then light flashed and hear a tone even if not played
42
how does a behaviorist define behavior?
overt actions - measurable and observable
43
how does a cognitive psychologist define behavior?
overt and covert actions - thoughts and feelings
44
what POV do we lean on to see what behavior is?
behaviorist behavior - quantifies
45
what is learning?
- acquire new info that causes a behavior to change - make a response - not making a response (withholding) - Wisconsin card sorting task - action + no response to an action
46
Domjan saying
enduring change in mechanisms of behavior involving specific stimuli and/or responses that results from prior experience with those or similar stimuli and responses -> generalization
47
Chance saying
change in behavior due to changes in enviro -> experiences
48
what isn't learning?
- changes in bodily state -> hunger - changes in enviro -> habituation vs sensitization - fatigue -> slower, less strong, delayed - less interest in food which was problematic with pigeons - maturation -> taller and stronger -> performance vs learning - changes in behavior (performance)
49
what is the adaptive significance of learning?
- enviro changes can outpace evolution - organisms that learn can outlive those that do not - learning is pressured on us to create changes and outcompete others - increases reproductive fitness -> indirect: live longer> more offspring direct: more eggs fertilized > more offspring
50
how to study learning?
- experimentation -> allows for control of stimuli compare behavior between group (limit: sacrifice of realism) - before vs after - control vs experimental
51
how to measure learning?
- observe - compare changes or differences between group - changes in response rate - causality- manipulate things otherwise we cannot say there is causality- only correlation
52
comparative approach
compare between different groups or species - pigeons vs humans -> gambling behavior
53
general processes approach
- search for commonalities -> formulate general rules that exist across all animals -> common ancestor (human vs primates) -> convergent evolution (birds vs humans) - "universal" element laws of association exist for learning processes but - animals may learn about diverse stimuli, learn to perform diverse responses(theory of mind, mirror task, rouge test), learn at diff speeds
54
what are the functions of non-human animal models?
- as a model of human behavior -> medical rxn, drug reliance (pig organs parallel humans) - model of general bio processes -> associative learning - model of conversation -> releasing captive bred endangered species (help endangered species)
55
why do we use animals?
- controlled lab setting - no language - not trying to please experimenter
56
what are the regulations for research?
institutional federal individual journal
57
what are the 3 R's?
- replace -> use computers instead of animals - reduce -> use fewer animals - refine-> change experiment to cause less harm

Psych 381 (2 decks)

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