Ch. 1-14 vocabulary Flashcards
The combination of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, in the atmosphere with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid and their return to Earth’s surface.
Acid Deposition
Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.
Acid Precipitation
Solar energy systems that collect energy through the use of physical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors.
Active Solar Energy Systems
Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
Agribusiness
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Agricultural Density
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
Agricultural revolution
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
Agriculture
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.
Air Pollution
Power supplied by people or animals
Animate Power
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
Animism
Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
Annexation
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
Apartheid
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Arithmetic Density
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
Autonomous Religion
Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.
Balance of power
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.
Balkanization
A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it is inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.
Balkanized
An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
Base line
industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
Basic industries
Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
The number of species within a specific habitat.
Biodiversity
Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste.
Biomass fuel
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices out o fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.
Blockbusting
Invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory.
Boundary
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
Brain drain
A large and fundamental division within a religion.
Branch
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another
Break-of-bulk point
A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium.
Breeder reactor
The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.
British Received Pronunciation (BRP)
An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
Bulk-gaining industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
Bulk-reducing industry
Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services.
Business services
The science of making maps
Cartography
The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.
Caste System
A complete enumeration of a population.
Census
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
Census tract
The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.
Central business district (CBD)
A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
Central place
A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
Central place theory
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.
Centripetal Force
A grass yielding grain for food.
Cereal grain
Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing.
Chaff
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Chain migration
A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.
Chlorofluorocarbon
Short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
Circulation
An Urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.
City
A sovereign state comprising a city and is immediate hinterland
City-state
A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.
Clustered rural settlement
An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Colonialism
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.
Colony
A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.
Combine
In the United States, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns.
Combined statistical area (CSA)
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
Commercial agriculture
A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
Compact state
The spread of something over a given area
Concentration
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
Concentric zone model
Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Connections
The sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming it at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced.
Conservation
Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services.
Consumer services
The rapid, widespread diffusion feature or trend throughout a populations.
Contagious diffusion
In the united States, the combination of all metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas.
Core based statistical area (CBSA)
A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
Cosmogony
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Cottage industry
A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States.
Council of government
Net ration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Counterurbanization
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
Creole or Creolized language
Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.
Crop
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop o crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Crop Rotation
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
Cultural ecology
The fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.
Cultural landscaping
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
Culture
The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
Custom
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population
Demographic transition
The scientific study if population characteristics
Demography
Combination of German and English.
Denglish
A division of a branch that unites a number of local religious congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
Denomination
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
Density
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Demographic transition
The scientific study of population characteristics
Demography
Combination of German and English
Denglish
A division of a branch that unites a number of local religious congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
denomination
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
Density
The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.
Density gradient
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
Dependency ratio
The degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
Desertification
A process of improvement in the material condition of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
Development
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation.
Dialect
The spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another in time
Diffusion
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
Dispersed rural settlement
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
Distance decay
The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface
Distribution
Harvesting twice a year from the same field
Double cropping
the number of years needed to double a population, assuming constant rate of natural increase
Double time
Dialect spoken by some African Americans
Ebonics
A community’s collection of basic industries
Economic base
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Ecumene
A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
Edge City
A state with a long, narrow shape
Elongated state
Migration FROM a location
Emigration
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century
Enclosure movement
A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
Environmental Determinism
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Epidemiologic transition
the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people
Epidemiology
A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create and ethnically homogeneous region.
Ethnic cleansing
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
Ethnic religion
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
Ethnicity
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
Expansion diffusion
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used
Extincet language
An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental an safety standards.
Fair trade
An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government
Federal State
Metals, including iron that are utilized in the production of iron and steel
Ferrous
A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner-occupancy to abandonment.
Filtering
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy
Fission
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends.
Floodplains
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
Folk culture
Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
Forced migration
Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly
Fordist Production
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
Foreign direct investment
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
Formal region (or uniform or homogeneous region)
Energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago
Fossil fuel
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territories
Fragmented state
A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of FRANCAIS and ANGLAIS, the French words for “French” and “English,” respectively
Franglais
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
Frontier
an area organized around a node or focal point
Functional region (or nodal region)
The literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect)
Fundamentalism
Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium
Fusion
Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes
Gender-Related Development Index
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area.
Gentrification
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data
Geographic information system (GIS)
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks
Geothermal energy
The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefitting the party in power
Gerrymandering
During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews, now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
Ghetto
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers..
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
Globalization
Seed of a cereal grass
Grain
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
Gravity Model
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
Green Revolution
A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area
Greenbelt
The anticipated increase in earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface.
Greenhouse effect
The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degree longitude.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally 1 year.)
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
Guest workers
A repetitive act performed by a particular individual
Habit
The region from which innovative ideas originate
Hearth
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places.
Hierarchical Diffusion
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
Hierarchical Religion
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Horticulture
The outer covering of a seed
Hull
An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
Human Development Index (HDI)
Power generated from moving water
Hydroelectric power
The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents and idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letter in English
Ideograms
Migration TO a location
Immigration
Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous group
Imperialism
Power supplied by machines
Inanimate Power
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Industrial revolution
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
Intensive subsistence agriculture
Permanent movement within a particular country
Internal migration
An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
International Date Line
Permanent movement from one country to another.
International Migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Interregional Migration
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.
Isogloss
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
Isolated language
An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.
Labor-intensive industry
A law that divided much of the United States into townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
Land Ordinance of 1785
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
Landlocked state
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Language
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family
Language branch
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history.
Language family
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history
Language group
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.
Latitude
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
Less Developed Country
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Life expectancy
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
lingua franca
The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write
Literacy rate
A language that is written as well as spoken
Literacy tradition
The position of anything on Earth’s surface
Location
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian
Longitude
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion
Map
Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico
Maquiladora
The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place’s good and services.
Market place (or hinterland)
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
Medical Revolution
A representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual know about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located
Mental Map
An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles
Meridian
in the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city
Micropolitan statistical area
A state that encompasses a very small land area
Microstate
A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location
Migration
A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
Migration Transition
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Milkshed
Eight goals established by the United Nations to reduce disparities between more developed countries and less developed countries
Millennium Development Goal
An individual who helps diffuse a universalizing religion
missionary
All types of movement from one location to another
Mobility
The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god
monotheism
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development
More Developed Country (MDC)
A state that contains more than one ethnicity
Multiethnic state
A state containing two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determinism that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
multinational state
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes or activities
Multiple nuclei model
Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
Nationalism
Identification with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there
Nationality
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
nation-state
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Natural increase rate (NIR)
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
Net migration
The transfer of some types of obs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed countries
New international law of labor
Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community
Nonbasic industries
Metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel
nonferrous
A source of energy that is in finite supply and thus capable of being exhausted
Nonrenewable energy
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
official language
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers
outsourcing
The number of people in an area exceeding the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard living
overpopulation
A gas that absorb s ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the sttratoshpere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers from Earth’s surface
ozone
Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah
Paddy
A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times
Pagan
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
pandemic
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the quator and at right angles to the meridians
Parallel
Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices
passive solar energy systems
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
pastoral nomadism
Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing
pasture
A state that completely surrounds another one
Perforated state
A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
Peripheral model
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions
photochemical smog
Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to generate electricity
photovoltaic cells
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for land
physiological density
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Pidgen Language
A journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred
pilgrimage
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character
Place
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale usually to a more developed country
Plantation
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character
Polder
The addition of m ore waste than a resource can accomodate
Pollution
Belief in or worship of more than one god
polytheistic
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
Popular culture
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Population pyramid
The theory that they physical environment may set limits on human actions but that people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
Possibilism
The adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks
Post-Fordist production
The amount of a resource in deposit not yet identified but thought to exist
Potential reserves
The maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible
Preservation
In the United States, all of the combined statistical areas plus all of the remaining metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas
Primary census statistical area
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry
Primary Sector
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement
Primate City
A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement
Primate city rule
The most productive farmland
Prime agricultural land
The meridian, designated as zero longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
Prime Meridian
A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States
Principal meridian
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
Productivity
The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map
Projection
An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
Prorupted state
The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits
Proven reserve
Housing owned by government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
Public services
A factor that induces people to move to a new location
Pull factor
In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Quotas
Identification with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
Race
The belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Racism
A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
Racist
Materials from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation, contact with which may be harmful or lethal to people; therefore, the materials must be safely stored for thousands of years.
Radioactive waste
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
Ranching
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
Range (of service)
A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
Rank size rule
A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in the field
Reaper
The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material
Recycling
A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries
Redlining
People who are forced to migrate from their home conurty and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
Refugees
The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat mpa
Region
An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area
Regional (or cultural landscape) studies
