Ch 1-10 Review Flashcards
Final:
If the patient is admitted to the ER for serve chest and the doctor orders a supine chest, what can the technologist do to decrease magnification?
increase the SID
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What is Ascites?
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (fluid in abdomen)
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What is the Kvp range for abdomen?
70-80 kvp
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If we are looking for air in the intraabdominal area we are doing this erect to see if the air passes through the:
diaphragm
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Where is xiphoid tip located?
T9-T10
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Where is the greater trochanter located?
at the same level as the pubis symphysis
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Where is the pubis symphysis located at?
same level as the greater trochanter
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Where are the SI joints located at?
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Where is the lower costal margin located at?
L2-L3
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Where is the xiphoid tip located at?
T9-T10
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Where is the mid thorax located at?
T7 *
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Where is the iliac crest located at?
L4-L5
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Where is the sternal angle located at?
T4-T5
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Where is the jugular notch located at?
T2-T3
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Where is the thyroid cartilage located at?
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Where is the ASIS located at?
S1-S2
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What views best display fluid/air levels?
decubitus & erect
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What is the parietal peritoneal?
outer portion of the peritoneal cavity
(covers the abdominal cavity)
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What is the visceral peritoneal?
inner portion of the peritoneal cavity
(covers the organ)
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What makes up 3/5 of the small bowel?
ileum (with an E)
(last “distal” 3/5 of small bowel)
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What makes up 2/5 of the small bowel?
jejunum
(first 2/5 of the small bowel)
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What is in the LUQ?
spleen
stomach
left colic (splenic) flexure
tail of pancreas
left kidney
left suprarenal gland
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What is in the RUQ?
liver
gallbladder
right colic flexure
duodenum (c-loop)
head of pancreas
right kidney
right suprarenal gland
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What is in the LLQ?
descending colon
sigmoid colon
2/3 of jejunum
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What is in the RLQ?
ascending colon
appendix
cecum
2/3 of ileum
ileocecal valve
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What are the nine abdominal regions?
- right hypogastric
- epigastric
- left hypogastric
- right lateral (lumbar)
- umbilical
- left lateral (lumbar)
- right inguinal (iliac)
- pubic
- left inguinal (iliac)
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What is peristalsis?
involuntary muscles that help move food through the intestines *
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What is the difference between duodenal valve & the duodenal bulb?
duodenal bulb is the proximal portion of duodenum *
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What is CR for erect abdomen?
2 inches above iliac crest
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What is the CR for decubitus abdomen?
2 “ above iliac crest
(let position sit roughly 5 mins, so fluids move)
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What is CR for supine abdomen?
at iliac crest
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What is the normal order for abdomen series?
PA chest, erect abdomen, supine abdomen *
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If we want to minimize motion we would:
shorten the exposure time
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Long scale is:
We use long scale on?
low contrast (more greys)
abdomen x-rays
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Short scale is:
What would we use short scale on?
high contrast (black& white’s)
extremities
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How much do we oblique for a mortise ankle?
why do we do this?
15-20
to create some space in the ankle joint, and even out the malleoli
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How much do we oblique for a normal ankle projection?
why do we do this?
45 internal (medial) oblique
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What are the tarsal bones?
Talus
Calcaneus
navicular (distal to talus)
Cuboid (distal to calcaneus)
medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform *
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What is medial to the cuboid bone?
navicular
lateral cuneiform
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What is proximal to the navicular?
talus
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What is superior to the calcaneus?
Talus
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What view shows the medial cuneiform free of superimposition?
30-40 degree medial oblique of foot *
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What view shows the sinus tarsi?
30-40 degree medial oblique of foot *
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Where is the plantar surface of the foot?
posterior part of the foot (sole)
“stepped on a plant”
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Where is the dorsum surface of the foot?
anterior portion of the foot
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What is dorsiflexion?
foot flexed upwards (anteriorly)
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What is plantarflexion?
foot flexed downward (posteriorly)
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What is a mediolateral projection?
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what is lateromedial projection?
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What are the views for calcaneus?
Lateral & Axial (40 cephalic towards the midline of the foot) *
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if there is suspected pneumothorax in the right lung what position/view would the patient be place in?
left lateral decubitus
(air side up)
(mark side up)
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if there is suspected hemothorax in the right lung what position/view would the patient be place in?
right lateral decubitus
(fluid side down)
mark side up
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if there is suspected pneumothorax in the left lung what position/view would the patient be place in?
right lateral decubitus
(air side up)
Mark side up
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if there is suspected hemothorax in the left lung what position/view would the patient be place in?
left lateral decubitus
(fluid side down)
mark side up
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What is the hypostenic?
not wide lungs, but long in vertical dimensions but narrow
(35% of population)
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What is sthenic?
average build
(50% of population)
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What is hyperstenic?
wide lungs, shallow in vertical dimensions
(5% of population)
Final:
The CR must always be in the center of the ____ _____
image receptor
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For chest x-rays we expose on the ______ _______
second inspiration
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What is the mediastinum?
middle portion of the thoracic cavity
thymus gland
heart and great vessels
trachea
esophagus
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What is the hilum?
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Where does the trachea bifurcate?
carina *
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What does the trachea bifurcate into?
left & right bronchi *
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What view shows the possible calcification underneath the clavicles?
lordotic *
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What is the name for shortness of breath?
dyspnea *
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What is the CR for chest?
PA?
AP?
T7
PA: 7-8 inches from vertebral prominens
AP: 3-4 inches below jugular notch
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What can be found in the mediastinum?
thymus gland
heart and great blood vessels
trachea
esophagus
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What is density and contrast controlled by?
contrast is controlled by kV
density is controlled by mAs
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What does the femur articulate with proximally & distally?
proximally: Acetabulum *
distally:
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Where is the abductor tubercle located at?
posterior femur above the medial epicondyles
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When do you see the olecranon process?
Lateral
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What is the positioning for Coyle for the radial head?
90-degree flexion of arm
45-degree angle toward the head
arm in lateral karate chop *
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What is the positioning for Coyle view for the coronoid process?
80-degree flexion of arm
45 degrees away from the head
elbow in lateral w/ karate chop *
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What views replace the internal and external obliques?
coyle view *
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What are the forearm views?
AP & Lat *
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What are the carpal bones?
Scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate *
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Sims position:
“simp position” *
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Fowlers position:
head above the feet
recumbent
(howlers position) *
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Trendelenburg position:
feet above the head
recumbent *
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LAO position:
left anterior oblique
(PA projection)
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RAO position:
right anterior oblique
(PA projection)
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LPO position:
left posterior oblique
(AP projection)
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RPO position:
right posterior oblique
(AP projection)
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Inversion:
AKA?
Inward turning/bending of the ankle
aka Varus *
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Eversion:
AKA?
outward turning/bending of ankle
aka valgus *
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what is Osgood Slatter?
inflammation of bone/cartilage of anterior proximal tibia (tibial tuberosity)
most common in boys 10-15
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What is gout?
form of arthritis
excessive quantities of blood in the joint
most common in the first MTP joint
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What is Pott’s fx?
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What is mobile radiography?
portable x-rays *
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What are the portions of the acetabulum?
inferior: pubis *
Superior: ilium *
Posterior: ischium *
Final:
When do we do the Judet views?
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What does the ___ Judet view show?
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What does the Judet view show?
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What is the sagittal plane?
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What is the midsagittal plane?
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What is the coronal plane?
What is the mid-coronal plane?
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What is the transverse plane?
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What is the axiolateral inferosuperior projection?
What is another name for this?
cross table hip
Danielus-Miller
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What does merchant knee view show?
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What does settegast view show?
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What does the hombland view show?
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What does Coventry view show?
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What view do we use for carpal tunnel?
What do we see?
Gaynor hart view *
Hook of the hamate *
Final:
What are the wrist views?
PA
oblique
lateral
Scaphoid (15 degrees cephalic “into shoulder” + ulnar deviation)
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What view/rotation shows the scaphoid free of superimposition?
ulnar deviation
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What is the DIP joint in the hand?
distal interphalangeal joints
hinge or ginglymus *
Final:
What are the PIP joints in the hand?
proximal interphalangeal joints
hinge or ginglymus *
Final:
What are the views for hand?
PA
Oblique
Fan lateral *
Final review:
How many degrees are the medial and lateral condyles of the femur are separated from each other?
Which condyle extends more distally?
5-7 degrees
medial extends more distally than lateral
(why we angle for knees)
Final review:
What does the femur articulate with distally?
proximally?
Tibia & patella
Acetabulum
Final:
Why do the IP joints have to be parallel to the image receptor?
we want to see the joint spaces
Final review:
What is osteoporosis?
How does it appear on an x-ray?
What demographic is it most common in?
reduction in bone
more radiolucent (whiter)
common in geriatric patients
Final:
What view shows the lateral displacement?
AP projection
Final review:
What is the CR for inlet?
What is the CR for outlet?
40 degrees caudad & CR ASIS
20-35 cephalic (men) 30-45 degrees cephalic (women) & CR 1-2 inches inferior to pubis symphysis
Final review:
The outlet refers to the ______ portion of the true pelvis
The inlet refers to the ______ portion of the true pelvis
inferior (inferior aperture)
superior (superior aperture)
Final:
What is the view that shows an anterior/posterior displacement?
Lateral projection
Final review:
What are other names for cross table?
axiolateral-inferosuperior
Danelius-miller projection
Final review:
For Nakayama why is the angle 15-20 degrees horizontally?
Patient is unable to rotate 15-20 degrees internally due to trauma
Final:
What is the name of the AP thumb position?
Roberts view
Final review:
The right posterior oblique of the right acetabulum would be:
The left posterior oblique (LPO) of the left acetabulum would be:
This show?
downside Judet
D: anterior rim of the acetabulum & posterior ilioschial column
Final review:
The left posterior oblique (LPO) of the right acetabulum would be:
The right posterior oblique (RPO) of the left acetabulum would be:
This shows?
Upside Judet (for both)
U: posterior rim of the acetabulum & anterior iliopubic column
Final:
What is spondylosis?
fx in the Pars interarticularis *
Final review:
What is Lordosis?
What is Scoliosis?
What is Kyphosis?
what is concave?
what is convex?
increased concavity (lumbar)
exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine
increased (exaggerated) convexity
rounded inward
rounded outward
Final review:
Cervical is what type of curve?
Thoracic is what type of curve?
lumbar is what type of curve?
sacrum (sacral) is what type of curve?
first compensatory curve (concave)
first primary curve (convex)
second compensatory curve (concave)
second primary curve (convex)
Final review:
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What is spondythesis?
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What is the CR for AP lumbar?
iliac crest *
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What is the ear of the scottie dog?
superior articular process *
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What is the nose of the scottie dog?
transverse process *
Final review:
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What is the eye of the scottie dog?
Pedicle *
Final review:
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What is the feet of the scottie dog?
inferior articular process *
Final review:
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What is the neck of the scottie dog?
Pars interarticularis *
Final review:
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What is the body of the scottie dog?
Laminae *
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When performing obliques if the pedicle appears to be too anterior what is the cause?
How do we fix it?
under rotated (too AP/anterior)
oblique the patient more
Final:
What is the tail of the scottie dog?
Spinous process *
Final:
What does the cervical oblique show?
How much oblique?
foramen *
Final:
When performing obliques if the pedicle appears to be too posterior what is the cause?
How do we fix it?
over rotated (too lateral)
oblique less
Final:
What does thoracic oblique show?
How much oblique?
Zygapophyseal joints
70-75 oblique *
Final:
What does lateral cervical show?
zygapophyseal joint
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what does lateral thoracic show?
foramen *
Final:
What is the CR & angle for oblique SI joints?
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what does lumbar oblique show?
How much oblique?
zygapophyseal joint
45 degree oblique *
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What does lateral lumbar show?
Foramen *
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What is CR & angle for AP SI joints?
What is best shown?
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What rotation best shows the greater trochanter in profile?
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What part of the rib attaches to the vertebrae?
head of the rib
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what part of the rib attaches to the transverse process?
tubercle of the rib
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What view best shows the lesser trochanters in profile?
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When are the views for the SC joints?
PA + LAO/RAO oblique
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When in a RAO position, what SC joint is best displayed?
right SC joint (downside)
Final:
Posterior rib pain is what projection?
What side is in interest?
AP
Downside (side that’s down)
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When in LAO position, what SC joint is best displayed?
left SC joint (downside)
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Anterior rib pain is what projection?
What side is in interest?
PA
Upside
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Patient walks in the ER with anterior left upper rib pain what oblique would we use?
What is the projection?
RAO
PA projection
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Patient walks in the ER with right anterior rib pain what oblique would we use?
What is the projection?
What is the side of interest?
LAO
PA
Upside ribs
