CH 07 — Endocrine System

Question 1

What is endocrinology?

Answer 1

The study of hormones

Question 2

What are hormones responsible for?

Answer 2

** long-term, ongoing functions of the body
- Metabolism
- regulation of the internal environment
- reproduction
- growth
- development

Question 3

What are the classic steps to identify an endocrine gland and the hormone they produce?

Answer 3

1. remove the suspected gland
2. replace the hormone
3. create hormone excess

Question 4

What makes a chemical a hormone?

Answer 4

• has to be secreted by the cell into the blood
• sent do distant targets
• affects growth, development, homeostasis, or metabolism
• sent in very low concentrations

Question 5

What does cellular mechanism of action do?

Answer 5

• depends on binding to target cell receptors
• initiates biochemical responses

Question 6

How does cellular mechanism of action act?

Answer 6

1. rates of enzymatic reactions
2. transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes
3. gene expression and protein synthesis

Question 7

What does half-life indicate?

Answer 7

the length of the activity

Question 8

Is degradation of hormones common? If so where?

Answer 8

Yes, either in blood or by lysosomes in cell
- metabolized from enzymes
(peptides can be brought in via receptor-mediated endocytosis)

Question 9

What are the three chemical classes of hormones (and examples)?

Answer 9

1. Steroid hormones: estrogen, androgens, cortisol
2. Amino acid-derives (amine) hormones: Tyrosine derived — catecholamines (epi/norepinephrine, dopamine) and thyroid hormones (thyroxine —T4), and Tryptophan derived (Meletonin)
3. peptide hormones (long chain of amino acid): parathyroid hormone, insulin

Question 10

Where are steroid hormones made?

Answer 10

• only made in a few organs (less prevelent than peptides)
• made in adrenal cortex or adrenal glands and gonads

Question 11

Make slides on properties of peptide and steroid hormones

Question 12

What are the steroid proteins derived from tryptophan? Where is it made?

Answer 12

melatonin made in the pineal gland

Question 13

Add slides 25-26

Question 14

What are the major groups of neurohormones? Where are they released from?

Answer 14

1. Catecholamines (secreted by adrenal medulla)
2. Hypothalamic neurohormones (secreted by posterior pituitary)
3. Hypothalamic neurohormones (control hormone release from anterior pituitary)

Question 15

What type of tissue is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 15

nervous tissue

Question 16

What are characteristics of the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 16

• neural tissue
• stores hormones produced by hypothalamus
• When hypothalamus is stimulated, posterior pituitary secretes 2 peptide neurohormones (Vasopressin [antidiuretic hormone, or ADH] and oxytocin)

Question 17

What are characteristics of the anterior pituitary system?

Answer 17

• true endocrine gland (epithelial tissue)
• tropic hormones stimulate secretion of other hormones
• regulated by hypothalamic hormones
• Secretes 6 peptide hormones
• portal system connecting to hypothalamus

Question 18

What does the portal system connect?

Answer 18

• the hypothalamus and
  the anterior pituitary
• Consists of two sets of capillaries connected in series by vein
• Hypothalamic-hypophyseal (pituitary) portal system
• ensures the small amount of concentrated hormone is directed to its target
• Look at other things on slide 33

Question 19

Get in the 6 hormones and their pathways/functions of anterior pituitary system

Question 20

Finish up slides