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PSYC 2040 > Ch 03 Physical and Cognitive Development (0-3) > Flashcards

Ch 03 Physical and Cognitive Development (0-3) Flashcards

1
Q

A not B error

A

error in which an infant searches for an object in the original rather than the new hiding place

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2
Q

accommodation

A

process by which we alter an existing schema to fit new information

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3
Q

assimilation

A

process by which we incorporate new information into an existing schema

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4
Q

babbling

A

repeated sequence of consonant-vowel sounds

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5
Q

biopsychosocial

A

change influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors

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6
Q

child-directed speech

A

speech with a sing-song intonation, simple words, and exaggerated pronunciation

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7
Q

circular reaction

A

repeated movement observed during the sensorimotor stage

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8
Q

co-sleeping

A

practice in which caregivers share a bed or a room with the infant or toddler

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9
Q

cooing

A

deliberate generation of vowel sounds

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10
Q

deferred imitation

A

repetition of a behavior after some time has passed

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11
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

theory that developmental behaviors and milestones are the result of interactions between systems, including those within the individual

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12
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

test that measures electrical activity in the brain

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13
Q

explicit memory

A

type of memory that we consciously try to remember and recall

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14
Q

expressive style

A

use of language for social reasons, to express feelings and needs

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15
Q

fast mapping

A

process by which children quickly connect words and their meanings

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16
Q

fine motor skills

A

coordinated movements performed by small muscles to manipulate and control objects or perform precise tasks like reaching for and grasping an object

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17
Q

frontal lobe

A

portion of the brain that controls thinking, planning, memory, and judgment

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18
Q

gray matter

A

outer layer of the brain

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19
Q

gross motor skills

A

voluntary movements that rely on large muscle groups and typically activate the arms, legs, head, and torso

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20
Q

growth chart

A

chart used to identify typical weight, height, and head circumference for boys and girls

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21
Q

habituation

A

decreased interest in and response to repeatedly presented stimuli

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22
Q

holophrase

A

speech that uses a single word to express an idea

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23
Q

implicit memory

A

type of memory that is not part of our consciousness

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24
Q

infant mortality

A

death before the age of one year

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25
Q

infinite generativity

A

capacity to create an unlimited number of meaningful messages

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26
Q

interactionist approach

A

approach to language development highlighting the complex interactions between the biological readiness of children and the environment in which they are raised

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27
Q

intermodal perception

A

awareness of the world gained through multiple senses at the same time

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28
Q

kwashiorkor

A

severe malnutrition, with a loss of appetite and swelling of the abdomen as the body breaks down organs as a source of protein

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29
Q

language

A

communication system that uses words and rules to allow the transmission of information between individuals

30
Q

lateralization

A

process in which different functions become localized to one side of the brain

31
Q

learning approach

A

approach to language development that highlights the contribution of caregivers

32
Q

long-term memory

A

relatively permanent storage of information

33
Q

marasmus

A

starvation due to lack of calories and protein

34
Q

morpheme

A

smallest meaningful unit of language

35
Q

myelination

A

process by which the axon develops the myelin sheath

36
Q

nativist approach

A

approach to language development asserting that humans are born with the innate ability to learn language and that experience plays a very limited role

37
Q

neurogenesis

A

development of new neurons

38
Q

neuron

A

cell in the brain that sends messages

39
Q

NREM

A

non–rapid eye movement sleep, characterized by slowed heart rate and respiration

40
Q

object permanence

A

ability to recognize that an object exists even when we cannot observe it

41
Q

occipital lobe

A

portion of the brain that processes visual information

42
Q

overextension

A

tendency of young children to use words to inappropriately name something else

43
Q

parietal lobe

A

portion of the brain that processes sensory information such as touch and spatial awareness

44
Q

perception

A

interpretation of sensory information

45
Q

phoneme

A

smallest unit of sound

46
Q

plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change, physically and chemically, in response to environmental input and to compensate for injury

47
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

front of the frontal lobe that regulates emotions and is involved in planning and judgment

48
Q

referential style

A

use of language to talk about objects and things

49
Q

reflex

A

involuntary movement in response to a stimulation

50
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement sleep, sometimes called active sleep

51
Q

schema

A

a mental framework used to organize and interpret information

52
Q

sensation

A

detection of sensory stimuli

53
Q

sensorimotor development

A

first stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development theory, focused on children’s early experiences of the world

54
Q

smell

A

perception of odors via the nose and part of olfactory system

55
Q

social referencing

A

process in which children use information from another to determine their own response

56
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

death of a healthy infant that is sudden and unexpected and cannot be explained

57
Q

sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)

A

death from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), accidental suffocation or strangulation, or an unknown cause

58
Q

sustained attention

A

extended focus on an activity or stimulus

59
Q

symbolic thought

A

ability to mentally represent objects, people, or events that are not present

60
Q

synapse

A

gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released from the axon to the dendrite of the next neuron

61
Q

synaptic pruning

A

process by which unused connections of neurons die off

62
Q

synaptogenesis

A

process in which neurons connect with other, nearby neurons

63
Q

taste

A

perception of flavor from receptors in mouth and tongue

64
Q

telegraphic speech

A

speech that uses few words and does not rely on grammar rules

65
Q

temporal lobe

A

portion of the brain associated with hearing and language

66
Q

underextension

A

tendency of young children to inappropriately restrict the use of a word

67
Q

undernutrition

A

intake of inadequate calories and/or nutrition

68
Q

universal listener

A

infant who can distinguish the sounds of both native and non-native languages

69
Q

visual cliff

A

test of depth perception that uses a table with the appearance of a drop-off from a shallow to deep surface

70
Q

white matter

A

brain matter composed of many bundles of axons that connect neurons to different regions with functional circuits/pathways

PSYC 2040 (3 decks)

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