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PSYC 2040 > Ch 02 Genetic, Prenatal and Perinatal Health > Flashcards

Ch 02 Genetic, Prenatal and Perinatal Health Flashcards

1
Q

active genotype-environment correlation

A

event in which individuals select particular environments or experiences based on their genotype

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2
Q

age of viability

A

age at which a fetus born prematurely (before the thirty-seventh week of pregnancy) may have a chance of survival outside the womb, usually with intensive medical intervention

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3
Q

amniocentesis

A

test in which a needle is inserted through the mother’s abdomen to take a sample of the amniotic fluid and look for chromosomal disorders and some types of genetic defects

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4
Q

allele

A

variant of a gene

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5
Q

Apgar test

A

test administered to a newborn one minute after delivery and again at five minutes after delivery to assess their condition after birth; detects major abnormalities

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6
Q

attachment

A

the emotional connection a child feels toward their caregiver based on consistency and quality of care

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7
Q

autosome

A

chromosome in the nucleus that is not a sex chromosome

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8
Q

behavioral genetics

A

interdisciplinary field that focuses on the study of heredity-behavior relationships

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9
Q

blastocyst

A

small cluster of a few hundred cells formed shortly after conception

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10
Q

bonding

A

one-way relationship consisting of a caregiver’s emotional connection to the infant

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11
Q

cephalocaudal growth

A

growth that occurs from head to feet, allowing a fetus to grow longer

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12
Q

cesarean birth

A

medical procedure in which a doctor makes an incision in a birth mother’s abdomen and uterus to deliver the fetus and placenta

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13
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

prenatal test that uses a placental tissue sample to determine whether chromosomal or genetic disorders are present in the fetus

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14
Q

conception

A

union of sperm and ovum (egg)

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14
Q

chromosomal disorder

A

condition that occurs with an incorrect number of chromosomes or results from structural abnormalities of the chromosome

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14
Q

chromosome

A

strand of the DNA sequence in the nucleus of an individual’s cells that carries genes transmitting hereditary information

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15
Q

codominant trait

A

characteristic observed when two different alleles are expressed at the same time

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16
Q

congenital disorder

A

any abnormality present at birth

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17
Q

contraception

A

method used to reduce chances of conception

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17
Q

dizygotic twins

A

(or fraternal) twins that occur when two ova are fertilized at the same time

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18
Q

DNA (also, deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

molecule that contains an individual’s genetic information

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19
Q

DNA methylation

A

process whereby methyl groups are added to or removed from DNA, potentially causing changes in gene expression

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20
Q

dominant trait

A

characteristic observed when only one copy of the allele is needed to express a phenotype

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20
Q

embryonic period

A

second developmental period of pregnancy, during which the blastocyst becomes an embryo and organogenesis begins

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21
Q

fallopian tube

A

part of the female reproductive system where egg is released and through which it travels to reach the uterus

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21
Q

failure to thrive

A

situation in which a premature infant’s height and weight are below the third percentile

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22
Q

evocative (or reactive) genotype-environment correlation

A

event in which an individual’s genetically influenced traits elicit an environmental response

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23
Q

fetal period

A

last developmental period of pregnancy, during which the fetus grows quickly

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24
Q

gene

A

hereditary unit composed of a specific DNA sequence that occupies a specific location along a chromosome in an individual

25
Q

gamete

A

sex cell, the ovum or sperm, that carries twenty-three chromosomes

26
Q

genome

A

complete sequence of an organism’s DNA

27
Q

genotype

A

individual’s particular genetic composition of alleles at specific locations

28
Q

genotype × environment interaction

A

event that occurs when the expression of a genotype depends on the environment

29
Q

germinal period

A

first developmental period of pregnancy, when conception occurs and the blastocyst travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus

30
Q

heterozygous

A

trait in which an individual receives different alleles from each biological parent for a given trait

31
Q

homozygous

A

trait in which an individual receives identical alleles from each biological parent for a given trait

32
Q

hormone

A

chemical released by glands that controls and regulates bodily functions

33
Q

implantation

A

process in which a blastocyst embeds within the uterus

34
Q

incomplete dominance

A

form of genetic expression in which both inherited alleles are partially expressed

35
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in which a fertilized egg is transferred into a uterus for implantation

36
Q

infertility

A

inability to successfully conceive after one year of trying

37
Q

low birth weight

A

birth weight less than 5 lb 8 oz

38
Q

mass-to-specific growth

A

growth in which large movements and structures develop before smaller or more specified movements and structures

39
Q

meiosis

A

type of cell division that occurs during gamete production and results in their containing only one member of each chromosome pair

40
Q

mitosis

A

type of cell division in which a cell duplicates itself and its DNA

41
Q

monozygotic twins

A

(or identical) twins that occur when a zygote splits into two clusters of cells, creating two genetically identical zygotes

42
Q

multifactorial inheritance

A

phenotype resulting from multiple genetic and environmental factors

43
Q

natural childbirth

A

a childbirth method using nonpharmaceutical techniques to help minimize pain and the need for medical intervention for the birth mother

44
Q

organogenesis

A

the formation of organs during the embryonic period

44
Q

neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)

A

test assessing a newborn’s neurological and physical health, typically given three to four days after birth

45
Q

ovary

A

part of the female reproductive system that releases eggs (ova)

46
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone that helps initiate labor and plays a role in forming bonds with others

47
Q

parental leave

A

policies that allow parents to take time off work, often paid, to care for a newborn for a period of time

48
Q

passive genotype-environment correlation

A

event that occurs when parents provide offspring with both genes and environment

49
Q

phenotype

A

observable expression of someone’s genome

50
Q

placenta

A

a temporary organ connecting the uterus to the umbilical cord that provides respiration and nourishment for the embryo in addition to eliminating metabolic wastes

51
Q

pleiotropy

A

most common form of genetic expression in which one gene influences multiple traits

52
Q

polygenic trait

A

trait influenced by several genes

53
Q

preterm (premature/preemie) infant

A

any infant born before thirty-seven weeks’ gestation and weighing less than 5.5 lb

54
Q

proximodistal growth

A

growth that occurs from the center of the body outward

55
Q

recessive trait

A

trait that requires two identical alleles to be expressed

56
Q

single-gene disorder

A

condition caused by variation in a single gene

57
Q

spontaneous abortion

A

(also, miscarriage) loss of a pregnancy during the first twenty weeks

58
Q

teratogen

A

disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm an embryo or fetus physically or influence health or behavior after birth

59
Q

testes

A

parts of the male reproductive system that help create and sustain sperm

60
Q

umbilical cord

A

a flexible tube connecting the embryo and the placenta

61
Q

urethra

A

part of the human reproductive system that, in males, transports and releases sperm

62
Q

uterus

A

part of the female reproductive system where a fertilized egg implants to develop

63
Q

vagina

A

muscular canal that connects the uterus to the outside of the female body

64
Q

vas deferens

A

tube that transports sperm from the testes to the urethra

65
Q

vulva

A

external aspects of the female reproductive system including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening

66
Q

zygote

A

single cell formed at conception and consisting of forty-six chromosomes, twenty-three from each parent

PSYC 2040 (3 decks)

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