CH 01: EARLY CIVILIZATIONS Flashcards
A differentiating characteristic between Egyptian civilization & Sumerians civilization was that ____.
the Egyptians did not have to contend with a hostile & unpredictable environment.
Although early writing was produced using pointed sticks, around 3100 B.C.E. Sumerian scribes advanced writing with durable reeds that ____.
produced a wedge-like script called cuneiform.
As the cities in Mesopotamia became more complex, ____ developed, which bound them closer to each other & to other settlements in the Mediterranean.
trade
Between 40,000 & 11,000 B.C.E., ____ was one of the earliest developments that led to managed food production.
climate change
By becoming a “lawgiver,” Hammurabi ____.
set a new standard of kingship.
Cave paintings, such as those found in Lascaux, France, are evidence of the development of ____.
language & other sophisticated modes of communication.
Compared to women in Mesopotamia, women in ancient Egypt ____.
enjoyed unusual freedoms by the standards of the ancient world.
Early settled communities, such as Çatalhöyük, produced food by ____.
agricultural production, herding, hunting, & gathering wild foods.
Historians typically divide ancient Egyptian history into ____ to facilitate the discussion of Egyptian politics & culture.
kingdoms & periods
In early dynastic Sumer, each city was ruled by successful war leaders, a “big man” called a/n ____.
lugal
One of the fundamental technological achievements of the Sumerians was ____.
the invention of the wheel
One of the lasting influences of Sumerian science & technology in modern times is ____.
our divisin of time into hours, minutesm & seconds
One of the notable characteristics of civilization was the development of ____.
occupational specialization
Recently discovered funerary texts found in what is now Somalia indicate that Nubia ____.
was a matrilineal society
Sargon of Akkad (c. 2350 b.c.e.) is significant because he ____.
subdued a number of Sumerian cities, knitting together perhaps the first “empire.”
Some scholars suggest that a new planetary epoch has begun, as human-environmental alterations have begun to replace preexisting geological & natural climatological fluctuations. This new epoch is known as the ____.
Anthropocene Epoch
The Code of Hammurabi ____.
focused most of its laws on free commoners
The Egyptian Middle Kingdom differed from the Old Kingdom in that, during the Middle Kingdom ____.
the government was based in Thebes rather than Memphis
The Egyptian system of hieroglyphics was ____.
deciphered by Champollion using the Rosetta Stone
The Epic of Gilgamesh, which describes the dramatic confrontation between Gilgamesh & Enkidu and its aftermath, illustrates that ____.
the forces of nature cannot be overcome by civilization, & death is inevitable
The Narmer Palette is probably a visual record of what event?
the unification of Upper & Lower Egypt
The civilization that emerged in ancient Egypt arose ____.
at about the same time as that of ancient Sumer
The earliest cities in Mesopotamia were founded by the ____.
Ubaid peoples
The first Egyptian cities developed ____.
in Upper Egypt
The key change that allowed for the development of larger settlements & cities was ____.
a shift from food gathering to food production
The large necropolis (“city of the dead”) discovered along the Nile (in present-day Sudan) in 2017-2018 was built by the ____.
Meroë
The physical that built the Egyptian pyramids was MOSTLY provided by ____.
willing peasanr farmerss
Under Sargon & Naram-Sin, civilization in Mesopotamia ____.
became an almost indistinguishable blend of Sumerian & Akkadian elements
Ur-Nammu built the great ziggurat at ____.
Ur
What BEST describes the character of Egyptian civilization?
No world civilization was governed as long & as steadily as ancient Egypt.
____ was the Egyptian god of the underworld, through whom men could enjoy immortality in the afterlife.
Osiris
