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Parasitology 3rd year > Cestodes = Tapeworms > Flashcards

Cestodes = Tapeworms Flashcards

1
Q

Dipylidium caninum

  • common name
  • where it’s mainly found and in what species
  • geographic distribution
  • IH or paratenic hosts if any
A
  • cucumber seed tapeworm
  • found in SI of dogs and cats, sometimes humans (mostly kids)
  • distribution is worldwide
  • IH are fleas and the dog louse
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2
Q

Dipylidium caninum

Adult and egg characteristics

A

Adults

  • have 2 sets of proglottids and a genital pore
  • have scolex with 4 circular suckers - ARMED

Eggs

  • have packets containing up to 65 eggs in one packet
  • best way to diagnose is by rehydrating the proglottid, smash it and look for these packets Bc you can’t see these things in floats
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3
Q

Dipylidium caninum

Life cycle

A
  1. Adults in SI of the cat/dog release gravid proglottids and are passed in feces
  2. Proglottids rupture - egg packets are released which release individual eggs
  3. Eggs are ingested by IH: larval fleas or louse
  4. A hexacanth embryo matures to cysticercoid once adult flea is on the DH
  5. Reaches infective cysticercoid within 36 hours after flea is on the DH
  6. Flea is ingested by DH, the cysticercoid is digested out and releases scolex which attaches to SI and begins to grow
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4
Q

Dipylidium caninum

Infective stage

A

Cysticercoid

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5
Q

Dipylidium caninum

clinical signs and Pathogenicity

A
  • usually no clinical signs
  • heavier infections will show constipation, diarrhea, pot-bellied appearance and have an itchy pot tom
  • basically just steal nutrition. They want to kill the IH but not the DH.
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6
Q

Dipylidium caninum

Diagnosis

A

Will rarely see on fecal float

- best way to diagnose is to take proglottids, mash them up and look for the eggs that way

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7
Q

Dipylidium caninum

Treatment and control

A

Treatment: praziquantel, epsiprantel, fenbendazole
May need to start using higher doses.

Most important is to control for the IH: inside/outside environment, bedding, carpet/rugs, other pets

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8
Q

The two groups of cestodes (tapeworms) and their main traits

A
  1. Cyclophylidians - true tapeworms
    • head attachment organ
    • hermaphroditic - no uterine pore
  2. Pseudophylidian - hermaphroditic but have a uterine pore where they emit their eggs
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9
Q

Taenids

General info

A
  • large group of tapeworms, cyclophylidan (no uterine pore)
  • they get very large in size
  • they have hooks on scolex so they are armed
  • DH: are usually dogs and cats
  • IH: usually rodents or ruminants
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10
Q

General taeniid lifecycle

A
  1. Adult tapeworms are attached to SI of DH and release gravid proglottids in feces which rupture and release eggs
  2. IH (rodents, ruminants) ingests eggs which hatch in their intestine And release oncosphere (hexacanth embryo) which penetrate intestinal mucosa and enter circulation
  3. Metacestode (larval stage) develops in various organs or tissues with intent to kill IH
  4. DH infected by ingestion of raw, undercooked meat. Metacestode releases scolex/scolices, attaches to SI and grows to adults
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11
Q

Taeniid infective stage

A

Metacestode

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12
Q

What is different about taeniids compared to dipylidium caninum?

A

Taeniids often disintegrate before they make it to the feces as opposed to dipylidium in which you will on occasion find the proglottid

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13
Q

Taenia ovis

  • common name
  • where it’s commonly found and in what species
  • distribution
  • IH or paratenic hosts if any
A
  • mutton tapeworm / measly tapeworm
  • SI of dogs
  • not mentioned
  • IH: sheep and goats
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14
Q

Taenia ovis
Adult characteristics

What is the intermediate stage aka Metacestode type?

A
  • 4 suckers
  • ARMED
  • Metacestode: stage develops in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle of IH
  • intermediate stage is cysticercus,
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15
Q

Taenia Hydatigena

  • common name
  • where it’s found and in what species
  • IH or paratenic hosts
A
  • “ruminant tapeworm of dogs” or “abdominal bladder worm”
  • SI of dogs
  • IH: sheep and goats
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16
Q

Taenia Hydatigena
- adult characteristics

  • intermediate stage?
A
  • larger bladder
  • 4 suckers, ARMED

Metacestode will be found in peritoneal cavity of sheep and goats, frequently attaches to serosal surface of abdominal organs.
- very large, ping pong sized

  • intermediate stage is a cysticercus
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17
Q

Taenia pisiformis

  • common name
  • where it’s found and in which species
  • IH
A
  • “rabbit tapeworm”and “abdominal bladder worm”
  • SI of dogs and foxes
  • IH: rabbits
18
Q

Taenia pisiformis

  • Adult and intermediate stage characteristics
  • what is the intermediate stage?
A
  • 4 suckers and ARMED
  • single scolex
  • Metacestode is found in peritoneal cavity of rabbits and hares
  • Metacestode is about the size of a pea
  • cysticercus is the intermediate stage
19
Q

Taenia taeniaeformis

  • common name
  • where it’s found and in what species
  • IH
A
  • feline Taeniid/strobilocercus of rats
  • found in SI of cats and other felids
  • IH: rats and mice
20
Q

Taenia taeniaeformis
Adult and intermediate stage characteristics
What is unique about its intermediate stage?

A
  • 4 suckers, ARMED, lacks neck
  • Metacestode found in liver of rats and mice
  • metacestodes have a strobilocercus - a single non-invaginate do scolex attached to bladder which is unique
21
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

  • common name
  • where it’s found and in what species
  • distribution
  • IH
A
  • no common name :(
  • found in SI of dogs and carnivores
  • southwestern US
  • IH: lots of animals including humans
22
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

Adult and intermediate stage characteristics

A
  • 4 suckers, ARMED, only 3-4 proglottids
  • smallest tapeworm you will see
  • their Metacestode (aka cyst) stage is a unilocular Hydatid cyst with a large fluid filled bladder containing thousands of brood capsules each containing hundreds of scolexes referred to as “Hydatid sand”
23
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis

  • where it’s found and in what species
  • distribution
  • IH
A

found in SI of dogs and cats, foxes, coyotes, and wolves
found in US and Canada
IH: rodents and humans

24
Q

Difference between Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus

A

Multilocularis has multilocularis Hydatid cysts with a thin wall that buds out instead of a single compartment Hydatid cyst

25
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis

Adult and intermediate stage characteristics

A
  • adult: 4 suckers, ARMED, only 2 - 6 proglottids
  • Metacestode found in liver, lungs, brain of rodents and humans.
  • Metacestode has a multilocular Hydatid cyst containing thousands of brood capsules each containing undress of protoscolices (budding cysts that are not contained)
26
Q

Taenia multiceps

  • common name
  • location it’s found and in what species
  • IH
A
  • “sheep coenurus tapeworm” “Gid/stagger/sturdy bladder worm”
  • SI of dogs, foxes, coyotes
  • IH: sheep and goats
27
Q

Taenia multiceps
Adult and intermediate stage characteristics
Name an interesting characteristic about the intermediate stage

A
  • 4 suckers, ARMED
  • Metacestode is found in brain and spinal cord of sheep and goats
  • the Metacestode has a coenurus (aka a medium sized bladder) that has multiple scolices, so instead of one tapeworm, it can make multiple tapeworms from one bladder
28
Q

Taenia serialis

  • common name
  • where it’s found and in what species
  • IH
A
  • “the rabbit coenurus tapeworm” “subcutaneous bladderworm”
  • found in the SI of dogs, foxes and coyotes
  • IH: rabbits and rodents
29
Q

Taenia serialis
Adult and intermediate stage characteristics
Name an interesting fact about the intermediate stage

A
  • 4 suckers, ARMED
  • Metacestode found in SQ and IM connective tissue of rabbits
  • Metacestode has a coenurus (large fluid filled bladder) filled with hundreds of scolices lined up in rows
30
Q

How do you diagnose Taeniid tapeworms?

How are they treated?

A
  • fecal floatations with high specific gravity. Eggs all look the same so can’t determine the species which doesn’t matter since the treatment is the same but if you need to know you can just see what IH are in your area and determine that way.
  • treated: praziquantel, epsiprantel, fenbendazole
31
Q

Spirometra manosonides

  • hosts
  • is it zoonotic?
  • geographic distribution
A
  • dogs, cats, raccoons
  • zoonotic!
  • southern US
32
Q

Spirometra mansonoides characteristics of:
Adult
Egg:
Metacestodes:

A

Adults

  • get large - up to 50 cm.
  • their repro system has one set/proglottid
  • has uterine pores
  • and a scolex with 2 bothria (little hands used for attachments)

Eggs

  • operculate, light brown
  • contains a ciliates coracidium (larva) just like a fluke. The main difference however is that these eggs will float. FLUKE EGGS SINK.

Metacestodes
- two stages: procercoid (in 1st IH: usually a copepod) and plerocercoid (in 2nd IH: usually a frog, rat or snake)

33
Q

Spirometra mansonoides

Life cycle

A
  1. Adults in SI of the cat or dog pass eggs which go in the feces
  2. A coracidium develops in the egg and emerges upon contact with water
  3. 1st IH - copepod ingests coracidium which then develops procercoid
  4. 2nd IH - frog, rat, snake - ingests copepod. The procercoid then develops into a plerocercoid.
  5. The plerocercoid then encysts in the muscles of the 2nd IH
  6. The 2nd IH is ingested by the DH, is digested out of the muscle and attaches to the SI where it matures into an adult.
34
Q

Spirometra mansonoides

Clinical signs and pathogenicity

A

Clinical signs: mostly asymptomatic but may experience vomiting, weight loss and diarrhea

It’s ZOONOTIC - from ingesting copepod so

35
Q

Spirometra mansonoides

Diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis: fecal float or sedimentation
Treatment: praziquantel - difficult to treat, often needs multiple treatments. Requires a large dose. Make sure the scolex comes out or else it will just regrow proglottids

Control: preventing predation of 2nd IH by dogs and cats, avoid eating undercooked meat

36
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

  • common name
  • where it’s found and in what species
  • distribution
  • IH
A
  • “the broad fish tapeworm”
  • SI of dogs, cats, bears, humans (fish eating mammals)
  • Great Lakes area of North America
  • IH: 1st = copepod 2nd = freshwater fish
37
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

Adult and egg characteristics

A

Adult: up to 30 feet long
They are pseudophyllidians so they have a uterine pore and a genital pore.

Eggs are operculated

38
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

Lifecycle

A

Just need to know:
1st IH = copepod
2nd IH = fish

39
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum
Clinical signs and pathogenicity

Interesting fact about clinical signs

A

Clinical signs: mostly asymptomatic but may have vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss

  • zoonotic!! Parasite absorbs large amounts of Vit B12 may create pernicious anemia
40
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

Diagnosis and treatment

A
  • fecal flotation

Treat with praziquantel

Parasitology 3rd year (6 decks)

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