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Parasitology 3rd year > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prominent blood sucking dipteran?

A

Family Culicidae: made up of mosquitoes.

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2
Q

What is the life cycle of culicidae (mosquito)?

A
  1. Eggs
  2. Larvae - 1st molt in 5 - 6 days (3x total); they are filter feeders
  3. Pupae - stage that lasts 2 - 3 days; non-feeding
  4. Adults - lifespan 6 - 7 days; they mate once
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3
Q

What are the sufamilies within the culicidae family?

A

Anopheline: anopheles sp.
Culicine: aedes sp.
Culicine: culex sp.

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4
Q

What diseases are the anophelines vectors for?

A

Intermediate host/vector for plasmodium spp.

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5
Q

What diseases are the culicines vectors for?

A

Yellow fever, fengue fever, west nile encephalitis

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6
Q

How do you control for the culicidae family?

A

Control by implementing:

  • larvivorous fish (guppies)
  • ‘beneficial’ mosquito larvae - that feed on other mosquitoes
  • sticky mustard seeds - prevent larvae from eating
  • draining breeding sites
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7
Q

Facultative myiasis
Where do they deposit their eggs?
What can it cause?

A
  • normally eggs are deposited in feces, rotten carrion, garbage
  • occassionally they are deposited in contaminated wounds

It can cause dermatitis, numerous maggots, pungent odor, inflammation

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8
Q

Facultative myiasis:
What species are examples of this process?
Who are their hosts?
What type of feeders are they?

A

Blow flies/bottle flies

  • hosts: Any mammal
  • vomit-drop feeders
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9
Q

Obligatory myiasis

  1. define
  2. What is the main difference between facultative and obligatory myiasis
A
  1. Larve MUST use animal host to complete its life cycle by laying its larvae in living tissue, uncontaminated wounds, soft tissue.
  2. Obligatory myiasis must ingest LIVING tissue in order to complete their lifecycle.
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10
Q

Cochliomyia hominivorax

  • what form of myiasis do they use?
  • common name?
  • are they reportable?
  • who are their hosts?
A
  • obligatory myiasis
  • “primary screwworm”
  • eradicated by sterile male release in US and central america
  • they are reportable!!
  • they affect any mammal; first fly on the scene with fresh, living tissue
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11
Q

Cochliomyia hominivorax

  • pathogenesis
  • diagnosis
  • treatment
A
  • pathogenesis: toxemia, bacterial infection, death
  • diagnosis: larval ID, dermatitis, pungent odor
  • treatment: remove larvae, treat secondary bacterial/fungal infections
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12
Q

Cuterebra spp.

  • what type of myiasis do they use?
  • what is their common name?
  • hosts?
  • what is important about adults?
A
  • they use obligatory myiasis
  • “wolves” , “warbles”
  • hosts: cats, dogs, rabbits, rodents
  • adults are non-parasitic
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13
Q

Cuterebra spp.

Lifecycle

A
  1. Eggs deposited near entrance to burrow/nest
  2. They enter host
  3. Migrate thru host
  4. Subcutaneous cysts produced (sometimes nasal or oval)
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14
Q

Cuterebra spp.

  • pathogenesis
  • diagnosis
  • treatment
A

Pathogenesis

  • cysts, swellings - secondary infections
  • heals slowly
  • larval migrations

Diagnosis
- larval ID

Treatment

  • surgically remove larvae; dont break them it will cause anaphylaxis
  • no approved treatment
  • ivermectin, milbemycin, selamectin may kill larvae
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15
Q

Class insecta: orders anoplura & mallophaga
What parasite is part of this order?
What disease process do they cause?
What is it’s veterinary importance?

A
  • lice!
  • causes pediculiasis: infestation of lice
  • veterinary importance: irritation to host, severe infestation can cause anemia, disease vectors, social stigma
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16
Q

Anoplura and mallphaga: lice

Lifecycle

A
  1. Females produce 1 egg (nit) at a time that is cemented to hair shaft or feather
  2. Egg (nit) hatches 1 - 3 weeks - 3 nymphal stages
  3. Adults within 4.5 weeks
  4. They are a permanent ectoparasite and are stenoxenous (very host specific)
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17
Q

What is the difference (and names) of the two lice groups?

A

Mallophagia

  • chewing lice feeds on skin cells
  • their head is wider than their thorax

Anoplura

  • blood feeders
  • head is narrower than thorax
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18
Q

Anoplura

  • who is their host?
  • name some examples
A
  • mammals only

Linognathus setosus (dog)
Pediculus humanus humanus (body)
Pediculus humanus capitis (head)
Pthirus pubis (pubic)

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19
Q

Treatment of anoplura & mallophagia

A

Selamectin
Fipronil
Imidacloprid
Carbaryl shampoos, sprays, dips

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20
Q

Class insecta: order siphonaptera

  • what parasite is part of this group?
  • what do they cause?
A

Fleas!

They cause siphonapteriasis: infestation with fleas

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21
Q
  1. Name a common flea found on dogs and cats
  2. What flea carries bubonic plague?
  3. What flea is found in poultry, dogs, cats, and humans and is also known as the stick-tight flea?
A
  1. Ctenocephalides felis
  2. Xenopsylla cheopis
  3. Echidnophaga gallinacean
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22
Q

Where are most stages of the host found?

A

Off the host

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23
Q
  1. Where are flea eggs laid?
  2. When do they hatch?
  3. How many eggs does a female flea lay?
A
  1. Laid on host, quickly fall off
  2. They hatch in 2 - 16 days
  3. Females > 500 eggs
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24
Q

Flea larvae

  1. How long is the larval stage?
  2. How many molts?
  3. What are they covered with?
  4. What do they feed on?
  5. What are they susceptible to?
A
  1. 7 - 10 days
  2. 2 molts
  3. Covered in setae
  4. Feed on “frass”
  5. Susceptible to heat and desiccation
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25
Q

Flea pupae

  • how long is this stage?
  • what makes this stage tricky to control?
A
  • this stage can be completed in 4 days
  • what makes this stage tricky is that emergence of adults can be prolonged up to 174 days depending on environmental conditions
26
Q

Flea adults

  • how often do they mate?
  • when do they feed after getting on host?
A
  • they mate once

- they begin feeding

27
Q

Flea allergy dermatitis

  • definition
  • what is severity related to?
  • at what age does this disease onset in hosts?
A

Defined: biting fleas that introduce salivary proteins (antigens).

Severity is related to duration of feeding and amount of salivary protein introduced

3 - 5 years of age

28
Q

Flea allergy dermatitis

  • geography of lesions: where are they most commonly found
  • what are the characteristics of these lesions?
A
  • lumbo-sacral region, caudal thighs, proximal tail, ventral abomen
  • characteristics of lesions: papules, crusts, alopecia, excoriations, erythema, hyperpigmentation.
29
Q

Flea control

Combination of what?

A

Combo of chemical and mechanical means which target both the animal and its envionrment

30
Q

What do host-targeted flea controls consist of? (2 types)

A
  1. Insect growth regulators (IGRs)

2. Insect development inhibitors (IDIs)

31
Q

What issues are important in flea control?

A
  1. Client compliance
  2. Pupal window (adult quiescence)
  3. Performance of adulticides
  4. Microenvironments and flea infestations
  5. Client perceptions
  6. Insecticide resistance
32
Q

Class arachnida: order acarina
What is this order made up of?
What are the 2 families this order is made up of?
What is unique about the females?

A
  • order made up of ticks!
  • 2 families: ixodidae = hard ticks, argasidae = soft ticks
  • only the females engorge themselves with blood
33
Q

Tick paralysis
What is it?
How is it reversed?

A

ascending flaccid paralysis

  • neurotoxin in tick saliva
  • disrupts nerve synapses in spinal cord
  • blocks neuromuscualar junctions
  • once you remove the tick the process will reverse
34
Q

Order: acarina (ticks)

Basic body division

A
  • capitulum

- idiosoma: scutum (equivalent of chest armor) and festoons (equivalnt of scoots on a turtle shell)

35
Q

Order acarina: ticks

Lifecycle

A
  1. Eggs
  2. Larva - seed tick
  3. Nymph - sexually immature
  4. Adult

Entire lifecycle 6 weeks to 3 years

36
Q

What is questing?

A

When a tick sticks its legs out when they sense heat or carbon dioxide form their prospective host

37
Q

How many a tick’s lifecycle vary?

A

It varies depending on how many hosts it has: one, two or 3.

One-host: hatch in the environment, attach and molt 2x on the host, then drop off and oviposit

Two-host: hatch in environment, attach to host 1 for one molt, and get off. On the 2nd host, they will complete their development and feeding.

3-host: same as above with one extra host. Can take a long time to develop into an adult.

38
Q

Order acarina: disease transmission

What are the 2 types

A

Transstadial transmission: disease/pathogen acquired during one life stage stays with teh tick and can be passed in another

Transovarial transmission: disease/pathogen passed from female to developing offspring

39
Q

What are the two families within order acarina and their identifying characteristic?

A

Family argasidae: soft tick

  • they take blood meal and hop off host
  • females dont engorge

Family ixodidae: hard tick

  • easy to see mouthparts
  • hang out on host
  • females engorge
40
Q

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

  • family?
  • common name
  • how many hosts does it have in its lifecycle
  • where is it found
  • what disease does it cause
  • what pathogens does it carry
A
  • family: ixodidae
  • “brown dog tick”
  • 3-host lifecycle
  • found throughout the US
  • causes tick paralysis
  • carries: rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF), ehlichia canis, babesia canis, hepatazoon canis
41
Q

Ixodes scapularis

  • what family is it part of?
  • common name
  • how many hosts?
  • geography?
  • what disease does it cause?
  • what diseases does it carry?
A
  • family ixodidae
  • “black legged tick” “deer tick”
  • 3 hosts
  • found in the southeast, south central US
  • tick paralysis
  • borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease!!!!) main transmitter, babesia microti, anaplasma marginale
42
Q

Amblyomma americanum

  • what family is it part of?
  • common name
  • how many hosts
  • what does it cause?
  • geography
  • disease vectors
A
  • family ixodidae
  • “lone star tick”
  • 3 hosts
  • causes tick paralysis
  • southern US
  • causes rickettsia rickettsii, francisella tularensis (tularaemia)
43
Q

Dermacentor variabilis

  • family name?
  • common name
  • how many hosts
  • geography
  • diseases?
  • vectors for ?
A
  • family ixodidae
  • “american dog tick” “wood tick” (super common in Fl!!)
  • 3 hosts (dog prefered)
  • most of US
  • tick paralysis
  • disease vectors for: rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF), anaplasma marinale
44
Q

Tick control in dogs

A
  • manual removal

- insecticides/acaracides

45
Q

Tick control in cats

A

Manual removal

Insecticides: fipronil (works best in cats), 1% pyrethrum

46
Q

Order acarina: mites

  • how are they ID’d
  • what is the difference between larva and adults?
  • how many body divisions do they have?
A
  • microscopic or barely visible
  • ID’d thru their pedicels (legs/stalks)
  • larva have 6 legs, adults have 8 legs
  • 2 body divisions
47
Q

Otodectes cynotis

  • common name
  • hosts:
  • where are they found on their host?
  • temporary or permanent
A
  • “ear mite”
  • host: dogs, cats, foxes, raccoons, ferrets
  • found in external ear canal
  • permanent
48
Q

Otodectes cynotis

Clinical signs and diagnosis

A

Clinical signs

  • thick, tarry exudate
  • host shakes head, scratches ears
  • infections of middle/inner ear can develop

Diagnosis
- swab: dont necessarily need oil to look on slide

49
Q

Otodectes cynotis

Treatment

A

Cats/dogs: selamectin

Cats: ivermectin, milbemycin - products formulated for application to ear canal

  • mineral oil and massage
  • abx secondary infections
  • rarely zoonotic
50
Q

Demodex canis

  • common name
  • host:
  • where is found on teh host
  • temporary or permanent
A
  • “follicle mite of dogs”
  • dogs
  • found in hair follicles and adjacent sebaceous glands
  • permanent parasite
  • found in skin of most normal dogs
51
Q

Difference between localized and generalized demodectic acariasis

A

Localized

  • skin redness
  • partial hair loss
  • usually no itching
  • commonly on face, around eyes

Generalized

  • more severe
  • large patches of alopecia
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • pyoderma
52
Q

Demodex canis

  • how its transmitted
  • diagnosis
  • treatments
A
  • direct contact: usually mother to offspring, which is why its around face on puppies
  • diagnosis: DEEP skin scraping, pusutle and abscess contents
  • treatments:
    localized = usually resolves spontaneously and wont need treatment
    Generalized = amitrax dip. Non approved treatments are ivermectin, oral milbemycin and topical moxidectin
53
Q

Cheyletiella spp.

  • common name
  • hosts
  • where its found on host
A

“Walking dandruff”

  • dogs and cats, temporary residence on humans
  • found in fur coat, keratin layer of dermis
54
Q

Cheyletiella spp.

  • clinical signs
  • diagnosis
  • treatmetn
A

Clinical signs

  • asymptomatic
  • if severe: dandruff, itchiness, reddened skin, hair loss

Diagnosis

  • skin scrapings not necessary
  • tape, fecal and look under microscope

Treatment

  • easily killed; most flea shampoos work
  • ivermectin, fipronil, selamectin
55
Q

Pneumonyssoides caninum

  • common name
  • hosts
  • how its transmitted
  • what does it feed on
A
  • “nasal mite”
  • hosts: dogs, other canids
  • transmittd via direct contact also travel via fleas, lice, flies
  • feeds on keratin layer of epidermis in nasal passages and sinuses
56
Q

Pneumonyssoides caninum
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatmetn

A

Clinical signs:
- reddening of mucosa, sneezing, head shaking, rubbing nose

Diagnose
- microscopic ID

Treatment

  • ivermectin
  • imidacloprid, and moxidectin
57
Q 
Notoederes cati
"Common name"
Hosts
Where its found on host
What do the females do?
A

“Notoedric acariasis mite”

  • hosts: cats, rabbits - ZOONOTIC
  • found mostly in ears and along the back of the neck.
  • *Females particularly burrow/tunnel in epidermis**
58
Q

Notoedres cati
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment

A

Clinical signs

  • persistent prurius, alopecia, self mutilation
  • hyperkeratosis, epidermal flakes
  • yellow crusts

Diagnosis

  • deep skin scrapings
  • fecal exam

Treatment

  • selamectin, fipronil
  • ivermectin
59
Q

Sarcoptes scabei

  • “common name”
  • hosts
  • how is it transmitted
  • where is it found on its main host?
  • what is unique about females?
A

“Sarcoptic acariasis mite” , “itch mite”
Hosts: dogs, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, ZOONOTIC, rarely cats
- transmitted via direct contact, highly transmissible
- On dogs its found in the muzzle, eyes, ears, feet.

Females burrow/tunnel in epidermis

60
Q

Sarcoptes scabei

  • clinical signs
  • diagnosis
  • treatment
A

Clinical signs

  • irritation, itching, exudate form crusts
  • thickening of skin, alopecia
  • severe cases result in death

Diagnosis
- deep skin scrapings

Treatment

  • treat all in contact animals
  • selacmectin
  • imidaclopromid/moxidectin
  • SQ ivermectin

May temporarily infest humans

61
Q

What family are the mosquitoes part of?

A

Culicidae

Parasitology 3rd year (6 decks)

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