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NMS Diagnosis > Cervical Tests > Flashcards

Cervical Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Naffziger’s Test Procedure

A

Patient is seated; doctor is standing behind the patient. Bilateral digital pressure is placed on jugular veins to occlude their flow for up to 1 minute. Patient is asked to cough deeply

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2
Q

Naffziger’s Test Pathomechanics/Pathophysiology

A

Jugular veins are venous drainage for the head. Therefore it is the drainage for the CSF. If you stop the flow of venous drainage, you stop CSF drainage & increase the volume of CSF in the subarachnoid space, thus putting pressure on the pia mater & therefore on the spinal cord, also the pressure expands the dura mater in the spinal canal, the coughing at the end increases intra abdominal and intra thoracic pressure and causes contraction of the spinal muscles. This causes an increase in intra discal pressure.

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3
Q

Naffziger’s Test Indications

A

Aggravation of cord symptoms indicates a SOL within the dura mater, local or radiating spinal symptoms indicates an extra dural SOL

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4
Q

Valsalva’s Maneuver: Procedure

A

Patient is seated. Examiner instructs the patient to take a deep breath. Have patient hold the breath, and bear down.

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5
Q

Valsalva’s Maneuver: Pathomechanics/Pathophysiology

A

When you take a big deep breath in and hold it, you slow your heart rate down, therefore slowing down venous return and increasing the volume and pressure in subarachnoid space. Bearing down of the patient increases intraabdominal and intrathoracic pressure and contracts the spinal muscles. This will increase the pressure within the IVD.

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6
Q

Valsalva’s Maneuver: Indications

A

Cord symptoms indicate intra dural SOL. Spinal pains that may radiate down the extremities may suggest a space-occupying lesion in the spinal canal, such as an IVD protrusion, trauma, and vascular injury causing a hematoma.

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7
Q

Dejernine’s Sign/Triad: Procedure

A

Patient coughs, sneezes, and strains (bearing down), can be performed or ask about historically

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8
Q

Dejernine’s Sign/Triad: Pathomechanics

A

Momentarily increases the volume of CSF in the subarachnoid space, and therefore CSF pressure, compressing the cord and making the dura mater expand, also causes intra thoracic and abdominal pressure with spinal muscle contraction increasing intradiscal pressure

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9
Q

Dejernine’s Sign/Triad: Indications

A

Reproduction of cord symptoms indicates a space-occupying lesion in the cord, symptoms locally and radiating into the extremity indicates spinal canal SOL.

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10
Q

Swallowing Test: Procedure

A

Ask patient if they have had any problems swallowing food, drink, etc. Or have the patient drink a small amount of fluids

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11
Q

Swallowing Test: Pathomechanics

A

CN IX & X innervate the muscles that operate the swallowing mechanism moving food or drink into the esophagus. Pathology to the CN IX & X causes the swallowing mechanism to not work. SOL around the esophagus causes difficulty in passing the food or drink down the esophagus

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12
Q

Swallowing Test: Indications

A

Patient has non-painful inability to swallow indicates CN IX and X pathology. Difficulty swallowing indicates some type of mass around the esophagus.

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13
Q

Barre-Lieou Sign: Procedure

A

Patient is seated. Instruct the patient to rotate head all the way in one direction, and then all the way in the other direction, and then back too neutral.

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14
Q

Barre-Lieou Sign: Pathomechanics

A

When the patient is in rotation, the contralateral vertebral artery is compressed and occluded in the transverse foramen of C1; therefore the other arteries supplying the circle of Willis are being tested for cardiovascular disease

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15
Q

Barre-Lieou Sign: Indications

A

Lightheadedness, nausea, vertigo, hearing and visual disturbances occurring with the head rotated will indicate occlusion of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries. If symptoms occur, you must due one or both of the following tests

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16
Q

DeKleyn’s Test: Procedure

A

Patient is supine, so that the head is off the end of the table that is being used. Patient hyperextends neck and rotates to one side, hold 15-45 seconds, while keeping eyes open and fixed on a point

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17
Q

DeKleyn’s Test: Pathomechanics

A

When the patient is in rotation, the contralateral vertebral artery is compressed and occluded in the transverse foramen of C1; therefore the other arteries supplying the circle of Willis are being tested for cardiovascular disease

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18
Q

DeKleyn’s Test: Indications

A

Lightheadedness, nausea, vertigo, hearing and visual disturbances, nystagmus (horizontal fluttering of eye), occurring with the head rotated will indicate occlusion of the internal carotids and the ipsilateral vertebral artery.

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19
Q

Maigne’s Test: Procedure

A

Patient is seated. Patient hyperextends the head and rotates

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20
Q

Maigne’s Test: Pathomechanics

A

When the patient is in rotation, the contralateral vertebral artery is compressed and occluded in the transverse foramen of C1; therefore the other arteries supplying the circle of Willis are being tested for cardiovascular disease.

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21
Q

Maigne’s Test: Indications

A

Lightheadedness, nausea, vertigo, hearing and visual disturbances, nystagmus (horizontal fluttering of eye), occurring with the head rotated will indicate occlusion of the internal carotids and the ipsilateral vertebral artery

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22
Q

Rust Sign: Procedure

A

Visualizing the patient, grasping their head as to distract the neck while weight bearing or arising from a recumbent position

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23
Q

Rust Sign: Pathomechanics

A

This mechanism relieves the compression force of the head on the neck.

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24
Q

Rust Sign: Indication

A

Cervical spine fracture or severe sprain/strain

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25
Q

Soto-Hall Test: Procedure

A

Patient is supine. Doctor stands along side the patient and places knife edge of one hand over the sternum (for women patients, have them put their hands over their sternum first). The other hand goes underneath the back of the patient’s head. Doctor passively flexes the head, chin to the chest

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26
Q

Soto-Hall Test: Pathomechanics

A

Stretching of the posterior neck & upper thoracics, with gapping of the facets. Also compression of the anterior neck

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27
Q

Soto-Hall Test: Indications

A

Reproduction of symptoms of muscles, ligaments, or bony structure of the posterior spine would indicate sprains, strains, or fractures. Relieving symptoms suggests facet surfaces are causing the pain. Reproduction of symptoms along the anterolateral neck & radiating may compress nerve roots from things such as disc lesions, von luska joint arthrosis, or spondylosis

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28
Q

O’Donoghue’s Maneuver: Procedures

A

Patient is seated. Passively do all cervical ROM, denoting any symptomatology with localizing and characterizing. In neutral, perform isometric resistive contractions of the cervical spine in all ROMs

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29
Q

O’Donoghue’s Maneuver: Pathomechanics

A

When performing passive ROM to end play, stretching occurs on the contralateral side and compression occurs on the side of passive motion. Resistive Testing muscles on the ipsilateral side, therefore contracting the muscle is in direction of isometric contraction.

30
Q

O’Donoghue’s Maneuver: Indications

A

Ligament symptomatology will be deep and pinpoint upon passive ROM along the contralateral side, indicating a sprain. Muscle symptomatology will be noted with isometric contraction, indicating a strain

31
Q

L’hermittes Sign: Procedure

A

Passive flexion of patient’s head to chest

32
Q

L’hermitte’s Sign: Pathomechanics

A

Stretches dura mater attached to Foramen Magnum and the Atlas, which stretches the spinal cord cephalid

33
Q

L’hermitte’s Sign: Indications

A

Tingling, numbness (paresthesias) or lightning like pain in the upper and lower extremities is the indicator that makes this L’hermittes sign, indicating multiple sclerosis. Radiating pains up and down the spine indicates Myelopathy or meningitis (meningeal irritation).

34
Q

Brachial Plexus Tension Test: Procedure

A

Patient seated. Examiner stands behind the patient, asks the patient to place their hands behind their head, then grasps the elbows and extension the elbows back

35
Q

Brachial Plexus Tension Test: Pathomechanics

A

This is supposed to place a stretch on the brachial plexus and therefore the nerve roots, as they are pulled through the IVF’s, mainly C4-6. It mainly stretches the pectoralis muscle

36
Q

Brachial Plexus Tension Test: Indications

A

Anterolateral neck pain and/or radiating neck pain into the brachial plexus indicate nerve root lesions

37
Q

Brachial Plexus Stretch Test: Procedure

A

Patient is seated. Patient’s arm will be abducted as far as it can, externally rotated and extended as far as it can. Patient will rotate the head away from the side being tested, and laterally flexed from the side being tested.

38
Q

Brachial Plexus Stretch Test: Pathomechanics

A

Procedure stretches the brachial plexus and nerve roots

39
Q

Brachial Plexus Stretch Test: Indications

A

Anterolateral neck pain and/or radiating neck pain into the brachial plexus and down the arm indicate nerve root lesions

40
Q

Shoulder Depression Test: Procedure

A

Patient is seated and lateral flexes the head away from the side being tested. The doctor stands behind the patient on the side being test and places his medial hand on the head to stabilize it. Then places his lateral hand on top of the shoulder on the side being tested and depress the shoulder

41
Q

Shoulder Depression Test: Pathomechanics

A

Procedure stretches the lateral neck and shoulder, therefore the brachial plexus and nerve roots. This is going to stretch the musculature also.

42
Q

Shoulder Depression Test: Indications

A

Anterolateral neck pain and/or radiating neck pain into the brachial plexus and possibly down through the arm, indicative of nerve root lesions. Superficial stretching pains indicate the musculature

43
Q

Foraminal Compression Test: Procedure

A

Patient is seated. Doctor rotates patient’s head to the side being tested. Doctor will place both his hands on top of the head and exerts a strong compressive force. After rotations have been done, perform the test in neutral. (Total of 3 parts)

44
Q

Foraminal Compression Test: Pathomechanics

A

Compression and rotation to the side being tested narrows the IVF and compresses neural components. Also the facets are imbricated in rotation and therefore on the side being tested, the facets are also being compressed. On the contralateral side, you are stretching muscles and the joint capsules.

45
Q

Foraminal Compression Test: Indications

A

Anterolateral neck pain and/or radiating nerve pain on side being tested, nerve roots; posterolateral pain is a facet joint surface. Contralateral side producing superficial pain is muscle stretching and posterolateral deep pinpoint pain is a facet joint capsule

46
Q

Jackson’s Compression Test: Procedure

A

Patient is seated. Doctor will laterally flex the patient to the side being tested, and with both hands on top of head, exert a strong downward compression

47
Q

Jackson’s Compressions Test: Pathomechanics

A

Laterally flexion will narrow the IVF, compressing the nerve root; also the facets are imbricated and compressed. Downward pressure will increase the internal pressure of the IVD. On the contralateral side you are stretching muscles, ligaments, making the IVF larger

48
Q

Jackson’s Compression Test: Indications

A

Ipsilateral neck pain and/or radiating pain, nerve root, and posterolateral is facets. Contralateral symptoms producing generalized pain or symptoms (muscles), pinpoint posterolateral is facet joint surface

49
Q

Spurling’s Test: Procedure

A

Patient seated. Doctor will rotate, lateral flex and extend the patient’s head toward the side being tested with downward force. If you do not reproduce the patient’s symptoms, then take hand place on the patient’s head in neutral, and bonk them on the head. If still no symptoms then rotate, laterally flex, extend and then bonk them on the head

50
Q

Spurling’s Test: Pathomechanics

A

Same as Jackson’s, except the downward strike on the head is adding a greater increase in momentary compression to the IVD.

51
Q

Spurling’s Test: Indications

A

Ipsilateral neck pain and/or radiating pain, nerve root, and posterolateral is facets. Contralateral symptoms producing generalized pain or symptoms (muscles), pinpoint posterolateral is facet joint surface

52
Q

Bakody’s Sign: Procedure

A

Patient puts their hand on top of head

53
Q

Bakody’s Sign: Pathomechanics

A

This relieves the stretch of the nerve roots by relaxing the tension on the brachial plexus with the arm hanging to the patient’s side

54
Q

Bakody’s Sign: Indications

A

Relief of anterolateral neck symptom, radiating symptoms in the anterior shoulder to the arm indicates a nerve root lesion

55
Q

Distraction Test: Procedure

A

Patient is seated. Place one hand (palm) under the patient’s chin, the thumb web of other hand back underneath the occiput. Lift head straight up, enough to sit the patient up. Other possible way: Use thenar/hypothenar of both hands underneath the mastoids and distract straight up

56
Q

Distraction Test: Pathomechanics

A

Lifting the head and distracting the spine, thus making the spinal canal larger, the IVF’s larger, and separating the facet joint surfaces apart. It also stretches all the cervical spine ligaments

57
Q

Distraction Test: Indications

A

Relief of anterolateral and radiating symptoms = Nerve Root. Relief of posterolateral symptoms = Facet joint surface problem. Aggravation of local posterolateral = Joint Capsule

58
Q

Tests that assess if you have a space occupying lesion, intra or extra durally

A

Naffziger’s Test, Valsalva’s Maneuver, Dejernine’s Sign/Triad

59
Q

Checks to see if the patient can swallow or if the patient has difficulty getting the food or drink down the esophagus to the stomach.

A

Swallowing Test

60
Q

Test for occlusion of the vascular supply to the Circle of Willis. (Vertebral artery, Internal Carotid artery

A

Vertebrobasilar Circulation Signs/Tests; Barre-Lieon sign, DeKleyn’s Test, Maigne’s Test

61
Q

Assesses for Cervical Fractures, and Severe Strains and Sprains

A

Rust Sign

62
Q

Passive cervical flexion maneuver, therefore it will stretch the posterior spinal elements, the contents of the spinal canal, along with the anterior part of the neck being compressed

A

Soto-Hall Test

63
Q

Passive & resistive cervical ROM. This is to differentiate a strain from a sprain; trauma must have taken place to determine a strain or sprain.

A

O’Donoghue Maneuver

64
Q

Same type of procedure as Soto-Hall. Patient is seated though. Indication is what is different

A

L’hermittes Sign

65
Q

Suppose to stretch the brachial plexus, which is attached to the nerve roots. Not a very good test

A

Brachial Plexus Tension test

66
Q

This is the better test for stretching the brachial plexus

A

Brachial Plexus Stretch Test

67
Q

Also stretches the brachial plexus and nerve roots

A

Shoulder Depression Test

68
Q

Assesses nerve root and facet symptoms from compression

A

Foraminal Compression Test

69
Q

Lateral Flexion Compression, assesses nerve root and facet symptoms from compression

A

Jackson’s Compression Test

70
Q

Relieves nerve root tension

A

Bakody Sign

71
Q

Relieves compression symptoms from nerve root and facets, stress ligaments. Distracts the cervical spine

A

Distraction Test

NMS Diagnosis (5 decks)

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