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Anatomy 2 > Cervical Spine and Thorax > Flashcards

Cervical Spine and Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of typical cervical vetebra

A

bifid spinous process and transverse process.
foramen transversarium for vertebral artery and vein.
small in size b/c does not carry much weight
kidney shaped body
pedicles pass laterally and backwards

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2
Q

Characteristics of Atlas (C1)

A

ring of bone (thin anterior and posterior arches)
no vertebral body or spine
large superior articular facets 9concave)

Articulates with the condylar processes of occipital bone of the skull

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3
Q

Characteristics of Axis

A 
odontoid process (dens) projects upwards into atlas
forms a pivot joint allowing rotation 
strongest of the cervical vertebra
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4
Q

Joints of the cervical spine

A

atlanto-occipital articulation
atlanto-axial articulation
cervical intervertebral joints (facet joints)

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5
Q

Articulatar surfaces of atlanto-occipital + ROM

A

synovial ellipsoid joint
concave on upper surface of atlas
convex occipital condyles on base of the skull

ROM = 20 degrees total flexion/extension
- 8 degrees of lateral flexion both ways

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6
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

two joints = lateral and medial
- both synovial plane joints

transverse ligament of atlas

  • holds dens in place against atlas
  • with longitudinal bands forms cruciform ligament
  • attaches to small tubercle on medial side of each lateral mass of atlas

alar ligaments
- from dens to occipital condyles

ROM

  • rotation 15 degrees both ways
  • minimal flexion and extension
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7
Q

Cervical intervertebral joints

A

synovial plane/facet joints

facets sloped anterior to posterior (allow for flex and ext)

ROM:

  • flexion = 25 degrees
  • extension = 85 degrees
  • lateral flexion = 40 degrees
  • rotation = 50 degrees each side
ligamentum nuchae
supraspinous lig
ligamentum flavum
interspinous lig
intertransverse lig
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8
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae

A

triangular midling ligament extending upwards from C7 to external occipital protrusion of skull

function:

  • increase surface area for muscle attachment due to absence of longer spinous processes of cervical vertebra
  • also serves as an origin point for trapezius
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9
Q

typical thoracic vertebra

A

costal facets on the body ad on the transverse processes
sloping spinous (allows for rotation)
heart shaped vertebral bodies

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10
Q

thoracic intervertebral joints

A

facet joints
- facets almost vertically A-P to allow for rotation

ROM:

  • flexion/extension = 50-70
  • rotation 35 both ways
  • lateral flexion = 20-25 both ways
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11
Q

Iliocostalis thoracis and cervicis (erector spinae)

A

O: (common origin)

  • iliac crest and tuberosity
  • sacrum
  • spinous processes of T11-L5 and supraspinous ligaments

R:
- up and out via slips

I:

  • thoracis = upper 6 ribs and transverse process of C7
  • cervicis = posterior tubercles on the transverse processes of C4-C7

A:

  • unilateral = ipsilateral side flexion and rotation
  • bilateral = trunk/neck extension

NS:
- adjacent posterior primary rami

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12
Q

Longissimus cervicis and capitis (erector spinae)

A

O:

  • Cervicis = transverse processes of T1-T6
  • Capitis = Articular processes of C4-C7 and Transverse processes of T1-T5

R: up and out

I:
Cervicis: posteiror tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C6
Capitis: posterior aspect of the mastoid process

A:
unilateral = ipsilateral side flexion and rotation
bilateral = trunk/neck extension

NS:
adjacent posterior primary rami

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13
Q

Spinalis Cervicis and Capitis (erector spinae)

A

no clear origin and insertion

O = generally spinous process to spinous process

R = upwards

I = poorly developed and blend with muscles

A:

  • unilateral = ipsilateral side flexion/rotation
  • bilateral = trunk/neck extension

NS: adjacent posterior primary rami

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14
Q

semispinalis cervicis and capitis (transversospinal)

A

O:
Cervicis: transverse process of T1-T6 (same as longissimus cervicis)
Capitis: transverse processes of T1-T6 and articular processes of C4-C7 (same as longissimus capitis)

R: upwards and inwards (rotational so must run inwards)

I:
Cervicis: spinous processes of C2-C6
capitis: medial impression between superior and inferior nuchal lines on base of skull

A:
unilateral = contralateral rotation
bilateral = trunk extension

NS:
adjacent posterior primary rami

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15
Q

Longus colli

A

O & I (3 sections on anterior aspect of cervical spine)

  • upper section
  • FROM (Origin) transverse processes below TO (Insertion) anterior tubercle of atlas
  • runs up and in
  • Middle section
  • FROM (Origin) vertebral bodies below TO (Insertion) vertebral bodies above
    in between vertebral bodies
  • runs up
  • Lower Section
  • FROM (Origin) vertebral bodies below TO (Insertion) transverse processes above
  • in between vertebral bodies to transverse processes
  • runs up and out

A: bilateral = neck flexion

NS = ventral rami of C3-C6

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16
Q

longus capitis

A 
O:
- transverse process
R:
- upwards and medially
I:
- anterolateral occipital bone
A:
- bilateral = neck flexion
NS
- Ventral rami of C1-C3/4
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17
Q

Scalenes

A 
O:
- transverse process of cervical spine
R:
- down and laterally
I:
- anterior and middle = first rib
- posteiror = 2nd rib
- brachial plexus and axillar artery emerges between middle and anterior scalene

A:
Anterior:
- bilateral = neck flexion
- unilateral = ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation

Middle and posterior
- unilateral = ipsilateral lateral flexion

all accessory muscles for respiration

NS:
ventral rami of C3-C8

18
Q

Sternoclediomastoid

A

O: (two heads)

  • sternal = upper surface of the manubrium
  • clavicular = upper surface of medial 1/3rd of the clavicle

R: upwards

I: mastoid process of the skull

A:

  • assist with respiratioin
  • bilateral = neck flexion
  • unilateral - ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation

NS:
Motor = spinal part of accessory nerve (Cranial XI)
sensory = ventral rami C2-C3

19
Q

4 suboccipital muscles name

A

rectus capitis posterior minor
rectus capitis posterior major
obliquus capitis superior
obliquus capitis inferior

A:
ipsilateral = rotation
biliateral = extension of the neck

NS:
- dorsal rami of C1

20
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor

A

from C1 to skull

runs vertically

21
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major

A

from C2 to skull (longer)

runs up and laterally

22
Q

obliquus capitis superior

A

from transverse process of C1 to skull

runs vertically

23
Q

obliquus cervicis inferior

A

from spinous process of C2 to C1 transverse process

runs up and laterally

24
Q

Splenis Cervicis

A

O:
upper spinous process of T3-T6

R:
upwards

I:
transverse processes of C1-C4

A:
bilateral = neck extension
unilateral = ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation

NS:
Dorsal rami of C5,6,7

25
Q

Splenis Capitis

A

O
- spinous process of T4-C7

R:
upwards

I:
mastoid process
lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line

A:
bilateral = neck extension
unilateral= ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation

NS:
dorsal rami (C3,4,5)
26
Q

Triangles of the neck

A

SCM separates neck into anterior and posterior triangles

anterior:
hyoid muscles

posterior:

  • scalenes
  • levator scap
  • splenius
  • nerves
  • veins
27
Q

Arterial Supply of Upper Limb (pathway)

A
  1. all upper limb blood supply originates from the subclavian artery
  2. subclavian artery decends until LATERAL BORDER of 1st Rib
  3. becomes axillary artery until INFERIOR BORDER of teres major
  4. becomes Brachial artery (giving off a deep branch = profunda brachii)
  5. at the elbow it splits into the radial and ulnar arteries
28
Q

Brachial Plexus notes

A

travels over the 1st rib, behind the clavicle and into the axilla
C5-C8 and T1

29
Q

features of the axilla

A

pyramid shaped region inferomedial to the shoulder joint

contains: brachial plexus and vessels for upper limb
location: space between the thorax and the arm to allow for passage of brachial plexus between the upper limb and arm

30
Q

Roots of the brachial plexus

A

ventral rami of C5-T1

31
Q

trunks of the brachial plexus

A

Upper = C5-C6

Middle = C7

Lower = C8-T1

32
Q

Divisions of the brachial plexus

A

Upper anterior = C5-C6
Upper posterior = C5-C6

Middle anterior & posteiror = C7

Lower anterior = C8-T1
Lower posterior = C8-T1

33
Q

Cords of the brachial plexus

A

Lateral = C5-C7

Medial = C8-T1

Posterior = C5-T1

34
Q

Major Terminal Branches of brachial plexus

A 
axillary = C5-C6
musculocutaneous = C5-C7
median = C5-T1
radial = C5-T1
ulnar = C7-T1
35
Q

Branches arising from roots

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve = C5
- rhomboid major, minor and levator scap

long thoracic nerve = C5-C7
- serratus anterior

36
Q

Branches arising from trunks

A 
Nerve to subclavius = C4-C6
- subclavius
Suprascapular nerve = C4-C6
- supraspinatus and infraspinatus
- articular supply = GHJ and AC joint
37
Q

branches from MEDIAL cord (C8-T1)

A

medial pectoral nerve = C8-T1
- pec minor and major (major also innervated by lateral pec nerve C5-C7)

medial cutaneous nerves of arm and forearm (C8-T1)
- skin over lower part of biceps, medial side of forearm as far as the wrist and medial side of posterior forearm

38
Q

Branches from POSTERIOR Cord C5-T1

A

upper subscapular nerve = C4-C7
- subscapularis

Lower subscapular nerve = C5-C7
- subscapularis + teres major

Thoracodorsal nerve = C6-C8
- latissimus dorsi

39
Q

Branches from LATERAL cord (C5-C7)

A

Lateral pectoral nerve = C5-7)

- pec major

40
Q

what do spinal cord injuries affect

A

roots of the brachial plexus

41
Q

what do trauma to the 1st rib affect

A

trunks of the brachial plexus

42
Q

what does dislocation of the GHJ affect

A

cords and divisions of the brachial plexus

Anatomy 2 (4 decks)

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