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msd2 > Cervical region > Flashcards

Cervical region Flashcards

1
Q

where can cervical vertebrae be located

A

between cranium and thoracic vertebrae

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2
Q

what are the motions of the cervical region

A

Flexion
Extension
Rotation

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3
Q

how many
bones make the cervical region

A

7

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4
Q

what are the unique bones in cervical spine

A

C1 [atlas]= has neither spinous process nor vertebral body
C2 [Axis]= has den aka odontoid process
C7 has the longest spinous process among the cervical vertebrae

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5
Q

About NUCHAL LIGAMENT

A

-starts from O-A joint to C7
-after C7 continues as supraspinatus ligament

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6
Q

what are the ligaments of C1

A

transverse
alar
apical

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7
Q

where is O-A joint located

A

between lateral mossa of atlas and occipital condyles
respnsible for head flex/ext movements

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8
Q

About A-A joint

A

+formed lateral and medial
+on medial is between anterior archus and dens forming a pivot joint
+on lateral is between atlas and objects of axis forming a plana joint type
+useful for rotation

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9
Q

how many nerves are in cervical spine

A

8
C1-C8

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10
Q

where do cervical spine nerves innervated

A

they innervate
+ neck
+ shoulder
+ arm
+ hand
+ digits

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11
Q

what are the types of nerve roots

A

*Dorsal roots which carry sensory signals back to the brain from nerve roots dermatomes
* Ventral roots which carry motor signals from brain to myotomes

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12
Q

What artery found in the cervical region

A

Vertebrobasilar artery

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13
Q

branches of vertebrobasilar artery

A

bilateral vertebral arteries
unpaired basilar artery

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14
Q

where does vertebrobasilar artery carry blood to

A

Cervical spinal cord
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Posterior cerebrum

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15
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

balance
vision
speech
movements

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16
Q

Cervicogenic headaches CGH

A

Chronic headaches
From A-O and upper cervical region
Steady ache of dull feeling
Usually side locked

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17
Q

most common source of cgh level

A

C2-3

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18
Q

common features of CGH

A

Originates from back of the neck
Pain along shoulder and arm on the same neck
Neck ROM limitation
Eye swelling and blurring vison
Mostly affect same side

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19
Q

which test can be used for CGH

A

Cervical flexion-rotation test

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20
Q

What factors can lead to transfer pain from neck to head

A

O- A injury
Components of cervical spine injury
Cervical radiculopathy
Neck muscles injury
Tumors in cervical regions
Whiplash

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21
Q

What indicates the seriousness of CGH

A

Tumors
Hemorrhage
Fracture

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22
Q

what can be caused by seriousness of CGH

A

Nausea and vomiting
Intolerable severe headache
Confusion, disorientation and dizziness

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23
Q

how can CGH be treated

A

Medications such as non-steroidal
Nerve block especially greater occipital nerve block
PT

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24
Q

What can trigger or proves CGH

A

Valsava maneuver
Age above 40
Neck stiffness and swelling
Numbness in the arms
Sneezing, coughing and straining

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25
Q

How can PT relieve CGH

A

tens
posture exercise
cervical spine manipulation
strengthening
C1-C2 SNAG
trigger point therapy
Bruger techniques

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26
Q

What is whiplash

A

A neck injury due to forceful, rapid back and forth movement of the neck

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27
Q

what can cause whiplash

A

Rear end car accidents
Sports accidents
Physical abuse
Other traumas

28
Q

what whiplash can be known as

A

Neck sprain or strain

29
Q

what are the musculoskeletal signs of whiplash

A

decreased ROM
Point tenderness

30
Q

what are the neurological signs of whiplash

A

decrease or absence of deep tendon reflexes
muscle weakness
sensory deficits

31
Q

What are the symptoms of whiplash

A

Pain and tenderness
Fatigue and dizziness
Arm numbness
Blurred vision
Insomnia
Difficulty concentrating

32
Q

what are the treatments

A

rest
soft collar
exercise
education

33
Q

best sleeping positions when experiencing whiplash

A

on your back
on your side

34
Q

what is herniation

A

a result of displacement of nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk

35
Q

Causes of herniated disk

A
  • Impingement of transverse nerve
  • When all or part of nucleus protrudes through annulus fibrous
  • Fully flexing spine repeatedly or for prolonged period
36
Q

what are the steps in disk herniation

A

degeneration/bulging
prolapse
extrusion
sequestration

37
Q

what are the zones associated with disc herniation

A

central
subarticular
foraminal
extraforaminal

38
Q

what are red flags in herniation

A

fever
night sweats
unexplained weight loss
history of HIV, TB, Inflammation
unrelenting pain
point tenderness over vertebral body
lymphadenopathy

39
Q

pathophysiology of herniation

A

mechanical compression
local increase in inflammatory cytokines
congestion and edema
inflammation
fibrosis
demyelination
pain relief from arm abduction

40
Q

which area of vertebrae is more prone to herniation

A

lumbar disc

41
Q

what worsen the pain

A

worsen during rest

42
Q

what is spondylosis

A

a defect or stress fractures in pars interarticularis of vertebral arch

43
Q

what causes spondylosis

A

trauma
repetition
genetics

44
Q

what is spondylolisthesis

A

slippage of spinal bone onto vertebra below

45
Q

what is grade 1 in spondylolisthesis

A

25% slippage

46
Q

what grade is when the slippage is more than 75%

A

grade 4 of spondylolisthesis

47
Q

what can be as conservative treatments

A

drug therapy
PT
traction
strengthening

48
Q

interventionist treatment

A

foraminal block
translaminar block

49
Q

surgical treatments

A

posterior discectomy + foraminotomy
anterior discectomy + arthrodesis
c.disc arthroplasty

50
Q

What’s a facet joint

A

joint formed between superior and inferior articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae

51
Q

facet joint syndrome

A

arthritic change and inflammation of facet joint

52
Q

what causes facet joint syndrome

A

old age
injury
repetitive movements
poor posture

53
Q

what are the symptoms of facet joint syndrome

A
  • Pain that worsen in the morning and with inactivity
  • Pain radiates to shoulder and shoulder blades
  • Headaches especially at the back
  • Muscle spasm
  • Tenderness
  • Decrease or inability of the movements
54
Q

how can facet joint syndrome be diagnosed

A
  • Diagnostic medial branch blocks
  • X-ray
  • MRI
55
Q

treatments of facet joint syndrome

A

Radiofrequency ablation
Anti-inflammatory meds
Muscle relaxer
PT
Massage

56
Q

about radiofrequency ablation

A

it is a heat injection procedure.
used to block the nerves that sends pain from facet joint.
it temporarily destroys the medial branch of sensory nerves.

57
Q

how PT helps with facet joint syndrome

A

ice 10 - 15 mins
levator scapulae stretch
chin tuck
SCM stretch

58
Q

what is vertebral osteomyelitis

A

It’s a bone infection that develops when bacteria/ fungi infiltrate the vertebrae.

59
Q

what causes vertebral osteomyelitis

A

after surgery
physical trauma to spinal area
staphylococcus aureus

60
Q

what are the symptoms of v. osteomyelitis

A

chronic pain
highly body temperature and shivers
excessive perspiration during sleep
decrease energy level
loss of appetite

61
Q

clinical presentation of vertebral osteomyelitis

A

inflammation or reddish appearance
restriction
neurological issues

62
Q

how can osteomyelitis be diagnosed

A

blood test
biospy
imaging test

63
Q

how can osteomyelitis be prevented

A

rebust immune system
hygiene
avoid dirty needles
manage diabetes
avoid skin infections

64
Q

how to treat osteomyelitis

A

Antibiotics
collar/brace
surgery

65
Q

types of surgeries that can be performed in osteomyelitis

A

drain infected area
removal of necrotic tissue
restoring normal blood flow
removing any foreign bodies
amputation
replacement of affected prosthetic

66
Q

symptoms of cervical spine problems

A

pain
headache
weakness on arms and legs
numbness on shoulders, arms or hand
stiffness and restriction
trouble keeping balance
difficult breathing

msd2 (7 decks)

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