Cervical region

Question 1

where can cervical vertebrae be located

Answer 1

between cranium and thoracic vertebrae

Question 2

what are the motions of the cervical region

Answer 2

Flexion
Extension
Rotation

Question 3

how many
bones make the cervical region

Answer 3

7

Question 4

what are the unique bones in cervical spine

Answer 4

C1 [atlas]= has neither spinous process nor vertebral body
C2 [Axis]= has den aka odontoid process
C7 has the longest spinous process among the cervical vertebrae

Question 5

About NUCHAL LIGAMENT

Answer 5

-starts from O-A joint to C7
-after C7 continues as supraspinatus ligament

Question 6

what are the ligaments of C1

Answer 6

transverse
alar
apical

Question 7

where is O-A joint located

Answer 7

between lateral mossa of atlas and occipital condyles
respnsible for head flex/ext movements

Question 8

About A-A joint

Answer 8

+formed lateral and medial
+on medial is between anterior archus and dens forming a pivot joint
+on lateral is between atlas and objects of axis forming a plana joint type
+useful for rotation

Question 9

how many nerves are in cervical spine

Answer 9

8
C1-C8

Question 10

where do cervical spine nerves innervated

Answer 10

they innervate
+ neck
+ shoulder
+ arm
+ hand
+ digits

Question 11

what are the types of nerve roots

Answer 11

*Dorsal roots which carry sensory signals back to the brain from nerve roots dermatomes
* Ventral roots which carry motor signals from brain to myotomes

Question 12

What artery found in the cervical region

Answer 12

Vertebrobasilar artery

Question 13

branches of vertebrobasilar artery

Answer 13

bilateral vertebral arteries
unpaired basilar artery

Question 14

where does vertebrobasilar artery carry blood to

Answer 14

Cervical spinal cord
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Posterior cerebrum

Question 15

functions of cerebellum

Answer 15

balance
vision
speech
movements

Question 16

Cervicogenic headaches CGH

Answer 16

Chronic headaches
From A-O and upper cervical region
Steady ache of dull feeling
Usually side locked

Question 17

most common source of cgh level

Answer 17

C2-3

Question 18

common features of CGH

Answer 18

Originates from back of the neck
Pain along shoulder and arm on the same neck
Neck ROM limitation
Eye swelling and blurring vison
Mostly affect same side

Question 19

which test can be used for CGH

Answer 19

Cervical flexion-rotation test

Question 20

What factors can lead to transfer pain from neck to head

Answer 20

O- A injury
Components of cervical spine injury
Cervical radiculopathy
Neck muscles injury
Tumors in cervical regions
Whiplash

Question 21

What indicates the seriousness of CGH

Answer 21

Tumors
Hemorrhage
Fracture

Question 22

what can be caused by seriousness of CGH

Answer 22

Nausea and vomiting
Intolerable severe headache
Confusion, disorientation and dizziness

Question 23

how can CGH be treated

Answer 23

Medications such as non-steroidal
Nerve block especially greater occipital nerve block
PT

Question 24

What can trigger or proves CGH

Answer 24

Valsava maneuver
Age above 40
Neck stiffness and swelling
Numbness in the arms
Sneezing, coughing and straining

Question 25

How can PT relieve CGH

Answer 25

tens posture exercise cervical spine manipulation strengthening C1-C2 SNAG trigger point therapy Bruger techniques

Question 26

What is whiplash

Answer 26

A neck injury due to forceful, rapid back and forth movement of the neck

Question 27

what can cause whiplash

Answer 27

Rear end car accidents Sports accidents Physical abuse Other traumas

Question 28

what whiplash can be known as

Answer 28

Neck sprain or strain

Question 29

what are the musculoskeletal signs of whiplash

Answer 29

decreased ROM Point tenderness

Question 30

what are the neurological signs of whiplash

Answer 30

decrease or absence of deep tendon reflexes muscle weakness sensory deficits

Question 31

What are the symptoms of whiplash

Answer 31

Pain and tenderness Fatigue and dizziness Arm numbness Blurred vision Insomnia Difficulty concentrating

Question 32

what are the treatments

Answer 32

rest soft collar exercise education

Question 33

best sleeping positions when experiencing whiplash

Answer 33

on your back on your side

Question 34

what is herniation

Answer 34

a result of displacement of nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk

Question 35

Causes of herniated disk

Answer 35

* Impingement of transverse nerve * When all or part of nucleus protrudes through annulus fibrous * Fully flexing spine repeatedly or for prolonged period

Question 36

what are the steps in disk herniation

Answer 36

degeneration/bulging prolapse extrusion sequestration

Question 37

what are the zones associated with disc herniation

Answer 37

central subarticular foraminal extraforaminal

Question 38

what are red flags in herniation

Answer 38

fever night sweats unexplained weight loss history of HIV, TB, Inflammation unrelenting pain point tenderness over vertebral body lymphadenopathy

Question 39

pathophysiology of herniation

Answer 39

mechanical compression local increase in inflammatory cytokines congestion and edema inflammation fibrosis demyelination pain relief from arm abduction

Question 40

which area of vertebrae is more prone to herniation

Answer 40

lumbar disc

Question 41

what worsen the pain

Answer 41

worsen during rest

Question 42

what is spondylosis

Answer 42

a defect or stress fractures in pars interarticularis of vertebral arch

Question 43

what causes spondylosis

Answer 43

trauma repetition genetics

Question 44

what is spondylolisthesis

Answer 44

slippage of spinal bone onto vertebra below

Question 45

what is grade 1 in spondylolisthesis

Answer 45

25% slippage

Question 46

what grade is when the slippage is more than 75%

Answer 46

grade 4 of spondylolisthesis

Question 47

what can be as conservative treatments

Answer 47

drug therapy PT traction strengthening

Question 48

interventionist treatment

Answer 48

foraminal block translaminar block

Question 49

surgical treatments

Answer 49

posterior discectomy + foraminotomy anterior discectomy + arthrodesis c.disc arthroplasty

Question 50

What's a facet joint

Answer 50

joint formed between superior and inferior articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae

Question 51

facet joint syndrome

Answer 51

arthritic change and inflammation of facet joint

Question 52

what causes facet joint syndrome

Answer 52

old age injury repetitive movements poor posture

Question 53

what are the symptoms of facet joint syndrome

Answer 53

* Pain that worsen in the morning and with inactivity * Pain radiates to shoulder and shoulder blades * Headaches especially at the back * Muscle spasm * Tenderness * Decrease or inability of the movements

Question 54

how can facet joint syndrome be diagnosed

Answer 54

* Diagnostic medial branch blocks * X-ray * MRI

Question 55

treatments of facet joint syndrome

Answer 55

Radiofrequency ablation Anti-inflammatory meds Muscle relaxer PT Massage

Question 56

about radiofrequency ablation

Answer 56

it is a heat injection procedure. used to block the nerves that sends pain from facet joint. it temporarily destroys the medial branch of sensory nerves.

Question 57

how PT helps with facet joint syndrome

Answer 57

ice 10 - 15 mins levator scapulae stretch chin tuck SCM stretch

Question 58

what is vertebral osteomyelitis

Answer 58

It's a bone infection that develops when bacteria/ fungi infiltrate the vertebrae.

Question 59

what causes vertebral osteomyelitis

Answer 59

after surgery physical trauma to spinal area staphylococcus aureus

Question 60

what are the symptoms of v. osteomyelitis

Answer 60

chronic pain highly body temperature and shivers excessive perspiration during sleep decrease energy level loss of appetite

Question 61

clinical presentation of vertebral osteomyelitis

Answer 61

inflammation or reddish appearance restriction neurological issues

Question 62

how can osteomyelitis be diagnosed

Answer 62

blood test biospy imaging test

Question 63

how can osteomyelitis be prevented

Answer 63

rebust immune system hygiene avoid dirty needles manage diabetes avoid skin infections

Question 64

how to treat osteomyelitis

Answer 64

Antibiotics collar/brace surgery

Question 65

types of surgeries that can be performed in osteomyelitis

Answer 65

drain infected area removal of necrotic tissue restoring normal blood flow removing any foreign bodies amputation replacement of affected prosthetic

Question 66

symptoms of cervical spine problems

Answer 66

pain headache weakness on arms and legs numbness on shoulders, arms or hand stiffness and restriction trouble keeping balance difficult breathing