Cervical Cancer &. ovarian tumours

Question 1

What are the risk factors for developing Cervical cancer?

Answer 1

• Early age at first sexual intercourse
• Multiple sexual partners
• Other venereal disease (herpes, hiv)
• Cigarette smoking
• Low socioeconomic status

Question 2

What is the Primary Causative agent for Cervical cancer?

Answer 2

Human- papilloma virus (HPV)

Question 3

Which Types of HPV can be considered “ Low - risk”?

Answer 3

6
11
40
42
43
44
53
54
61
72
73
81

Question 4

Which types of HPV is considered “high- risks”?

Answer 4

16
18
31
33
35
39
45
51
52
56
58
59
68
82

Question 5

What does Stage I of Cervical Cancer entail?

Answer 5

Stage I - Limited to the body of the cervix with no evidence of spread.

Question 5

What is the most common type of Cervical cancer?

Answer 5

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 6

What does Stage II and III of Cervical Cancer?

Answer 6

Stage II - Spread outside of the cervix to the uterus or nearby soft tissue (parametria) but not the bony sidewall to the pelvis. Upper 2/3 vagina.

Stage III - More advanced local spread involves vagina (lower 1/3 vagina) or is causing kidney dysfunction. Spread to pelvic sidewall.

Question 7

” Distant spread or metastases(lungs or liver) “ is which classified as which staging for Cervical cancer.

Answer 7

Stage IVB

Question 8

True or False? Locally advanced spread to the lining of the bladder or rectum Is Stage IVa.

Answer 8

TRUE!!

Question 9

Which procedures used in the treatment for cervical cancer is fertility sparing?

Answer 9

• Radical trachelectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection.
• Large cone biopsy and lymphadenectomy

Question 10

What is the name of the Quadrivalent vaccine used to treat HPV 6,11,16,18)?

Answer 10

Gardasil

Question 11

What is the name of the Bivalent vaccine used to treat HPV 16 &18?

Answer 11

Cervarix

Question 12

What are the three structures from which Ovarian tumours arise from?

Answer 12

• Surface epithelial cells
• The germ cells
• The sex-cord stroma

Question 13

What are the different types of Surface Epitheliumm Derived Tumours?

Answer 13

• Serous
• Mucinous
• Endometroid (including clear cell)
• Brenner

Question 14

What type of cells line Serous ( surface epithelium derived) tumours?

Answer 14

Tall columnar epithelial cells closely resembling the lining of the Fallopian tubes .

Question 15

What are the histological features associated with Endometrioid tumours?

Answer 15

*Epithelium is like that of endometrium and contains tubular glands.

*Oestrogen-dependent like endometrium

Question 16

A clear cell adenocarcinoma is a sub the of which type of tumour?

Answer 16

Endometrioid carcinoma

Question 17

What is Meig’s syndrome?

Answer 17

The combination of :
* Ovarian Tumour
* Ascites
* Hydrothorax

Question 18

What is the composition of Sex-cord Stroma Derived Tumours?

Answer 18

1) fibroblasts
2) theca cells, lipid rich, produce pure thecomas but are very rare
3) mixed

Question 19

True or False? Granulosa-theca cell tumours mostly occur in post-menopausal women.

Answer 19

TRUE!!

Question 20

Which hormone is occasionally produced by Granulosa-theca cell tumours?

Answer 20

Androgens

Question 21

Which pathology is Unilateral with a golden -yellow appearance?

Answer 21

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours (Androblastomas)

Question 22

What are the types of Germ Cell derived Ovarian Tumours?

Answer 22

• Teratoma
• Dysgerminoma
• Endometrial sinus tumor
• Choriocarcinoma

Question 23

What are Teratomas?

Answer 23

Teratomas are tumours that contain embryonic tissues from all three germ cell layers, ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.

Question 24

What is the karyotype for all benign Teratomas?

Answer 24

46, XX