Ceruzzi Digital Age Flashcards
Who coined the term digital?
George Stibitz – Bell Telephone Laboratories mathematician.
What department/facility is responsible for the first development of digital
communication?
United states defence department – initiated a program to interconnect defence computers across the United States
What was Defence Department’s Advanced Research projects Agency (ARPA)’s main mission in the 1960s
Reconceptualize the digital computer as a device inherently interconnected, where communication holds equal importance to functions like calculation, storage, and control.
What did Samual Morse invent and how did it work?
- Electric telegraph
- Pulses, not continuous currents,
employed code that allowed for
sending messages
rapidly/accurately over long
distance, minimum number of
wires/apparatus.
Give a brief summary of the history of telecommunications
Began with Morse and Wheatstone electric telegraphs of
mid-19th century, then spread of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Grey, Thomas Edison.
What is a typesetter?
Certain letters used more frequently; codes chosen for those letters shorter than others.
When was First Digital computers invented?
1930s and 1940s
Who was Charles Babbage?
Came up with the idea of an analytical engine. Only could be made during WW2 due to advancements
What ability resulted in true mechanization of calculation?
- The ability to add numbers. (not just record)
When was did the mechanization of calculation occur?
Pascal’s adding machine 1642
What did Leibniz do?
extended Pascal’s invention – developed machine that could multiply.
What was the first successful calculator?
The Felt Comptometer
What did Alexander Graham bell do?
publicly demonstrated telephone. Relationship to
computing was indirect.
Who is the ancestor of today’s “Unisys”?
William S. Burroughs – Burrough’s adding machine – 1880s – commercial success.
What invention was used in the 1890 US census?
Punch Cards – method of storing information coded as holes punched into cards.
For what industry were punch cards originally developed?
Weaving
Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a system through which all phone calls are now encoded. What is that system called?
Pulse code modulation.
In addition to the tabulator, what two devices were critical in the punch card system?
Key Punch – human operator keyed in data - and the Sorter – sorted cards based on presence/absence of hole in desired column.
What are the two characteristics that made the tabulator so impactful?
1) The flexible way it could be used based on the info punched into different columns.
2) The way its use could be combined with other devices, especially the sorter to
perform sophisticated data processing.
What was the first non-government industry in the US to adopt punch card accounting?
Railroads
What is a wireless telegraph?
Radio
What invention do we have to thank for the @ symbol?
The Teletype - 1972
____ was developed to aid radio and telephone applications.
The vacuum tube
What are the five components that make up a computer?
- Communication
Transfer of coded information by electrical or electronic means across - Control
- Calculation
found in antiquity – counting and figuring aids such as pebbles, (Latin Calculi),
counting boards, abacus. - Storage
Automatic storage/retrieval of information in coded form, automatic execution
of sequence of operations. - Use of electrical/electronic circuits
Tell me what each of these individuals invented: Charles Babbage, Herman Hollerith, James Powers, Thomas Edison, Edward E. Kleinschmidt, Jack Kerouac, Bill Gates/Paul Allen
Charles Babbage – analytical engine
Herman Hollerith – Punch cards
James Powers – Mechanical Punch Cards
Thomas Edison – Ticker Tape
Edward E. Kleinschmidt – Teletype
Jack Kerouac – On The Road.
Bill Gates/Paul Allen – marketed first software products on rolls of teletype.
Name five companies that supplied adding machines, cash registers, accounting machines, time clocks, ‘computing’ scales, duplicating machines, electric typewriters
IBM, Remington Rand, National Cash Register, Burroughs, Victor
Adding Machine
Define Reverse Salients
Thomas Hughes’s term – impediments preventing smooth
advance of information handling on a board from – WWI military strategy
