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Anatomy > Cerebrum Ch. 13 Part 2 > Flashcards

Cerebrum Ch. 13 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

2-4 mm thick, folds in cortex triples its surface.
Approximately 40% OF BRAIN’S MASS
Contains BILLIONS of neurons arranged in 6 layers.
Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and very short unmyelinated axons, BUT NO FIBER TRACTS
Most sensory info is routed THRU THALAMUS to CEREBRAL CORTEX

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2
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

Be aware of ourselves and our sensations
Initiate and control voluntary movements
Communicate, remember, and understand

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3
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex

A

Receives sensory information resulting in awareness of the sensation

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4
Q

Sensory Association areas

A

Receive info from primary sensory cortex and interpret (give meaning to) sensory input)

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5
Q

Multimodal Assoication Areas

A

Receive input in parallel from multiple sensory association areas and integrate and interpret the information aided by past experences and develop a motor response

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6
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Enacts plan

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7
Q

What are the primary sensory areas?

A 
Primary somatosensory cortex
Primary visual cortex
Primary Auditory Cortex
Vestibular (Equilibrium) cortex
Gustatory (taste) cortex
Olfactory (smell) cortex
Visceral sensory area)
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8
Q

Primary Somatosensory cortex

A

Located along the POSTCENTRAL GYRUS OF THE PARIETAL LOBE (in temoporal and occipital too I think)
Involved w/ conscious awareness of GENERAL SOMATIC SENSES… spatial discrimination

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9
Q

What are the general somatic senses?

A

Perceived from skin and from proprioception of muscles and tendons: Touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature

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10
Q

Spacial Discrimination of primary somatosensory cortex

A

Sensory receptors in periphery relay signals thru spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus and up to primary somatosensory cortex.
Cortical neurons process the information and identify the precise area in the body being stimulated.
Spatial discrimination - ability to precisely locate a stimulus.

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11
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

Somatotopy - each region of the cortex receives sensory stimuli from a specific area of the body
Sensory homunculus - a body map of the sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus

amount of cortex devoted to body region depends on how sensitive it is in that region

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12
Q

Vestibular Cortex

A

Process information from vestibular apparatus. Responsible for conscious awareness of sense of balance (position of the head in space)
Located in the posterior part of the insula lobe deep to the lateral sulcus.

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13
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

processes taste stimuli form the tongue, function involved in the conscious awareness of taste stimuli. Located in insula ON THE ROOF OF THE LATERAL SULCA)

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14
Q

Olfactory Cortex

A

Processes smell. olfactory nerves from the nasal cavity transmit impulses to olfactory cortex and provides conscious awareness of smells. Lies on the medial aspect of the cerebrum in a small region called the piriform love which includes the hooklike uncus.

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15
Q

Olfactory sensory area- RHINENCEPHALON

A

Olfactory cortex is part of the brain called the rhinencephalon “nose brain”
Rhinencephalon includes partof the cerebum that receives olfactory signals: the piriform lobe, olfactory tracts, olfactory bulbs.
Conntecs to limbic system in the brain which explains why smells trigger emotions. Involved w/ cnsciously identifying and recalling specific smells.

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16
Q

Visceral Sensory Areas

A

Location: deep within the lateral sulcus of the insula lobe

Receives general sensory input (pain, pressure, hunger) from abdominal and thoracic organs

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17
Q

Sensory Areas - Primary visual cortex

A

Primary visual cortex location is deep within the calcarine sulcus ont he posterior and medial part of occipital lobe. Dmage can cause blindness…. LARGEST of all sensory areas. RReceives visual info that originates from the RETINA.
Exhibits CONTRALATERAL function.

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18
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Sound waves excite receptors in the inner ear cochlea which triggers impulse transmission to PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX where conscious awareness of sound (loudness, rhythm, pitch…)
Located at the superior edge of temporal line

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19
Q

Different sensory association areas

A

Somato sensory association cortex
Visual Association areas
Auditory association areas

20
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

Lies posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex.
Integrates different sensory inputs… e.g. touch and pressure from somatosensory cortex to understand sensations
Draws upon stored memories of past sensory experiences e.g. ability to feel and recognize keys or coins in your pocket without looking at them.

21
Q

Visual Association Area

A
  •   Surrounds the primary visual area and covers much of the occipital lobe
  •   Continues the processing of visual information by analyzing color, form, and movement
  •   Complex visual processing extends into temporal and parietal lobes
  •   About 30 cortical areas for visual processing have been identified
  •   Visual information proceeds anteriorly through these visual areas in two streams (ventral and dorsal streams)
22
Q

Visual Area - Dorsal Stream (“where pathway”)

A

Extends through the posterior PARIETAL to the post-central gyrus
Perceives information about spatial relationships among objects
Referred to as the “where” pathway

23
Q

Visual Area - Ventral Stream (“what pathway”)

A

Passes information into inferior part of the TEMPORAL LOBE
Responsible for recognizing words, objects, faces
Referred to as the “what” pathway

24
Q

Where and what are the auditory association areas

A

Lies just posterior and lateral to the primary auditory cortex
Permits evaluation of different sounds such as a screech, thunder, or music and integrates memories of past sounds
Auditory stimuli are processed serially and in parallel along two pathways from the auditory assoication area to multimodal association areas

25
Q

Auditory pathways - Posterolateral Pathway “Where pathway”

A

Through the parietal lobe to the lateral pre-frontal cortex evaluates location of a stimulus

26
Q

Auditory pathways - Anterolateral pathway “what pathway”

A

From the anterior temporal lobe to the inferior pre-frontal cortex processes information related to sound identification

27
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • In one hemisphere (usually left), the auditory association area overlaps with Wernicke’s area
  • Wernicke’s area includes superior-posterior temporal lobe and inferior-posterior parietal lobe
  • Wernicke’s area is a functional brain region involved in recognizing and understanding spoken words
  • Damage to Wernicke’s area interferes with ability to comprehend speech
28
Q

What are the multimodal association areas?

A
  • Posterior association area
  • Anterior association area
  • Limbic association area
29
Q

What are the Multimodal Association areas

A
  • Large areas of the cerebral cortex that receive sensory input from the multiple sensory modalities sensory association areas
  • Make associations between various kinds of sensory information
  • Associates new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences and plan appropriate motor responses
30
Q

Multimodal Association area- Posterior Association Area

A
  • LOCATED AT INTERFACE OF VISUAL, AUDITORY, AND SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREAS
  • Integrates sensory information from somatosensory, visual, and auditory association areas as well as proprioceptive senses and the vestibular apparatus into unified perception of the sensory response that ALLOWS AWARENESS OF SPATIAL LOCATION OF BODY (“body sense”)
  • Information guides movement of ones limbs through space and information is communicated to the anterior association area which dictates these motor movements
31
Q

Posterior Association Area - Left cerebral hemisphere

A
  • Related to LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION AND SPEECH
  • Multiple language areas TYPICALLY IN LEFT CEREBRAL CORTEX surrounding the lateral sulcus involved with:
  1. WERNICKE’S AREA (speech comprehension)
  2. LATERAL AND INFERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE: COORDINATION OF AUDITORY AND VISUAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE (e.g. naming viewed objects and reading words)
  3. PARTS OF INSULA deep to the lateral sulcus: initiation of word articulation and recognition of sound sequences
32
Q

Posterior Association - Right cerebral hemisphere

A

-Areas in right cerebral hemisphere that correspond to left hemisphere language areas act in

  1. Creative interpretation of words
  2. Controlling emotional overtones of speech
33
Q

Where and what is the anterior association area (multimodal association areas)

A

There is a large region of the frontal lobe that is called the prefrontal cortex.

  1. IT INTEGRATES INFORMATION FROM ALL OTHER ASSOCIATION AREAS TO PLAN AND INITIATE MOTOR RESPONSES
  2. Receives processed sensory info from post. association area and adjusts motor output accordingly
  3. Integrates info w/ past exp. thru connection with limbic association areas
  4. Evaluates options and selects, plans and initiates an appropriate motor response
34
Q

What is the anterior association area for?

A
  1. WORKING MEMORY FOR SPATIAL TASKS
  2. WORKING MEMORY FOR ONJECT-RECALL TASKS
  3. SOLVING COMPLEX MULTI-TASK PROBLEMS
  4. EXECUTIVE AREA FOR TASK MANAGEMENT
35
Q

Anterior Association area in detail

A

Processes information and triggers the move to the next portion of task (relay of motor plans to motor cortex for execution).
3 working memory areas!
1. Visual working memory
2. Auditory working memory
3. Executive Area that manages interaction between the other two

36
Q

Anterior association area in detail

A
  • Cognitive functioning, thinking, perceiving, intentionally remembering/recalling info
  • Processing abstract ideas, reasoning, judgment
  • Long-term planning, complex problems solving
  • Impulse control, mental flexibility, social skills
  • Appreciation of humor, empathy, and conscience
  • Linked to emotional (limbic) system and thus related to mood!
37
Q

Anterior Association area in detail

A
  • Developmentally, the anterior association area is one of the last parts of the brain to mature
  • It is not fully formed until early adulthood, which explains why adolescents may exhibit, poor judgement
38
Q

How does the limbic system interact with the rest of the brain?

A

It communicates with many other regions of the brain

  • Most output of the limbic system is relayed through the hypothalamus and the reticular formation which control the visceral responses
  • Limbic system also interacts extensively with the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum; feelings from the emotional brain interact with thoughts from the thinking brain.
39
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A
  • Runs through the central core of the medulla, pons, and midbrain
  • Forms 3 columns in medulla
    1. Midline raphe nuclei
    2. Medial nuclear group
    3. Lateral nuclear group
40
Q

Describe the reticular formation

A
  • Neurons have long, branching axons that project widely separated regions of the thalamus, cerebellum, spinal cord and cerebrum.
  • These widespread connections are ideal for arousal of the brain as a whole
  • Certain reticular neurons send a continuous stream of impulses to the cerebrum through relays in the thalamus, maintaing the cerebral cortex in an alert, conscious state
41
Q

What is the Reticular activating system (RAS)?

A
  • Part if reticular formation which maintains consciousness and alertness
  • Axons from all the major ascending sensory tracts synapse on RAS neurons
  • Visual, auditory, and touch stimuli help keep people awake and alert
42
Q

How does the reticular activating system (RAS) influence sleep?

A
  • Functions in sleep and arousal from sleep
  • General anesthesia, tranquilizers, and sleep inducing drugs depress the RAS and cause loss of consciousness
  • Malfunctions in RAS can cause narcolepsy
  • Severe injury to RAS causes coma
43
Q

What is the RAS motor arm?

A

The motor arm sends axons to the spinal cord

  • Some axons control the motor neurons to skeletal muscle
  • Some axons and lateral nuclear group nuclei in medulla influence autonomic neurons which to regulate visceral motor functions
44
Q

What are the sensory and motor pathways in the CNS?

A
  • Multineuron pathways in the white matter connect brain and body periphery
  • Pathways are composed of interconnected fiber tracts that relay information from one part of the CNS to another part of the CNS
  • Pathways are composed of tracts:
    1. Ascending pathways - carry information to more rostral areas of the NCS
    2. Descending pathways - carry information to most caudal regions of the CNS
45
Q

What are the features of ascending and descending pathways of CNS?

A
  • Most pathways pass from one side of the CNS to the other (decussate) at some point in their course
  • Most pathways consist of a chain of two or three neurons that contribute to successive tracts along a given pathway
  • Most pathways exhibit somatotopy with axons in the tracts spatially arranged in a specific way, according to the body region they supply
  • All pathways are paired with tracts on right and left sides
46
Q

What are the three ascending pathways?

A
  1. Spinocerebellar pathway
  2. Dorsal Column Pathway
  3. Spinothalamic Pathway
47
Q

Describe the ascending spinocerebellar pathway?

A
  • FIRST ORDER NEURON: from the SENSORY RECEPTOR to the dorsal gray horn of the SPINAL CORD and synapses with 2nd order neuron
  • SECOND ORDER NEURON - ascends up signal cord in both dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts to the cerebellum where it terminates
  • IPSILATERAL
  • Conveys information on proprioception from lower libs and trunk to the cerebellum to coordinate body movements

Anatomy (5 decks)

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