Cerebrum: 2) Surface of the Brain II Flashcards
The anterior end of the cortex is part of the frontal lobe; the opposite end of the cortex is part of the occipital lobe. Label these two lobes on both views.
The two extreme ends of the cortex are often referred to as poles, the frontal __________ and the __________.
pole; occipital pole
The ___________ sulcus extends over the superior surface of the brain and runs a short distance on the medial surface. As it turns over the top, the sulcus is closer to the __________ pole than to the opposite pole.
central; occipital
Although most of the boundaries are imprecise, the cortex is conventionally divided into four lobes. Locate and label them on the diagram.
The occipital pole of the cortex is at the __________ ior end of the occipital lobe; the precentral gyrus lies __________ ior to the central sulcus; at the anterior end of the frontal lobe is the __________. Most of the temporal lobe lies __________ ior to the parietal lobe; the lateral sulcus lies __________ ior to the superior temporal temporal sulcus.
posterior; anterior; frontal pole; inferior; superior
Identify the frontal pole with arrows. A course traced from the frontal pole over the superior surface of the cortex will pass from the __________ lobe to the __________ lobe to the __________ lobe.
frontal; parietal; occipital
The parietal lobe is bounded anteriorly by the __________ lobe, posteriorly by the __________ lobe, and inferiorly by the __________ lobe.
frontal; occipital; temporal
The boundary between parietal and frontal lobes is the __________.
central sulcus
Much of the border between the parietal and temporal lobes is indefinite and forms a zone (shaded on the diagram) called the parieto- __________ area.
temporal
There are other indefinite borders (shaded in) on the lateral aspect of the brain in addition to the parieto-temporal area. There are the parieto- __________ and __________ -occipital transition areas.
parieto-occipital; temporo-occipital
On the lateral surface of the brain, the __________, __________, and __________ lobes appear to be continuous.
frontal; parietal; occipital
2.12. This diagram shows that a line connecting the preoccipital notch and the parieto-occipital sulcus forms the anterior boundary of the __________ lobe on the lateral surface of the cortex.
occipital
The parieto-occipital sulcus and preoccipital notch are not prominent on the lateral surface of most brains. On the diagram, shade in the approximate extent of the occipital lobe.
On the lateral surface of the cortex, the occipital lobe is the __________ est in area of all of the cortical lobes.
smallest
Trace the parieto-occipital sulcus from the lateral surface over the superior aspect of the brain to the medial surface. Label the arrow marking the parieto-occipital sulcus on the medial view.
The occipital lobe is __________ er in area on the medial surface than it is on the lateral surface. Label the parieto-occipital sulcus on the medial view.
greater
Label the prominent sulcus that forms the posterior boundary of the parietal lobe on the medial surface.
The calcarine sulcus is the other prominent landmark on the medial surface of the occipital lobe. Label the horizontally oriented calcarine sulcus on the diagram.
A “hard” pronunciation (as in calculus) is given to
both c’s in __________ arine.
calcarine
The part of the occipital cortex shaded on the diagram is named for the sulcus it encloses; it is called the __________ cortex. Label it on the diagram.
The brain is seen here from a medial-inferior view. The shaded area separates the __________ lobe from the __________ lobe.
occipital; temporal
On the medial surface of the cortex, the boundary of the parietal and occipital lobes is formed by the ___________________________. The __________ sulcus lies entirely within the occipital lobe.
parieto-occipital sulcus; calcarine
On the diagram, label the indicated features of the cortex in the occipital lobe. __________
Areas of the brain are not only distinct anatomically, but they also contribute to different cortical functions (visual, auditory, somesthetic, motor, etc.). For example, if the precentral gyrus is damaged, a person may be partially paralyzed. The lobe, therefore, is involved in motor function is the _________ lobe.
frontal
Refer to both diagrams to answer the following questions.
The number of primary sensory areas indicated is. How many motor areas?. The primary auditory area is not directly on either cortical surface (medial or lateral) but is mainly out of sight on the inner sides of the __________ gyrus of the __________ lobe. The primary visual area is in the walls of the __________ sulcus, in the __________ lobe. The remaining primary sensory area is the __________ area, located in the __________ gyrus of the __________ lobe.
3; 1 superior temporal; temporal calcarine; occipital somesthetic; postcentral; parietal
The specific sensory modalities such as touch, pressure, and position sense are included in the general class of som __________ senses. On the diagram, name the general class of functions in which each of the two indicated areas is involved.
somesthetic
A small part of the area for primary reception of auditory information (indicated on the diagram) is barely visible on the __________ gyrus. Most of the auditory area is hidden deep in the temporal lobe and can be reached by passing a finger into the __________ sulcus.
superior temporal; lateral
This is a view of the __________ al surface of the right cerebral cortex. The primary visual area is not visible because it is almost entirely in the walls of the calcarine fissure, on the __________ surface of the __________ lobe. Label the three indicated areas with the general class of functions in which each is involved.
lateral; medial; occipital
Two primary sensory areas are almost entirely in a view of the lateral surface of the cortex. These senses are vision and, represented in the __________ and __________ lobes, respectively. Of the two senses, the only one represented on the medial surface of the cortex is.
hearing (audition); occipital; temporal; vision
A lesion that involves the territories adjacent to the central sulcus affects the general classes of motor and __________ sensory functions. On the diagram, locate the two gyri that are involved and label their primary functions.
somesthetic
Assuming damage in the cortex, you might suspect that a paralyzed patient has a damaged __________ lobe, whereas a patient who does not respond normally to touch may have __________ lobe damage.
On the appropriate diagram, use the designated letters to indicate the sites of the primary auditory (A), visual (V), motor (M), and somesthetic (S) areas. Name the lobe in which each is located. __________
The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is the __________ gyrus of the __________ lobe. The primary auditory area is on the inside of the __________ gyrus of the __________ lobe. The primary visual area is the __________ cortex, bounding the __________ of the same name, in the __________ lobe. The somesthetic, or somatosensory, area is located in the __________ gyrus of the __________ lobe.
On the medial view, three extensive cortical structures have a concentric arrangement. Starting with the most inferior and proceeding superiorly, these are the __________, the __________ and the __________.
corpus callosum; cingulate gyrus; cingulate sulcus
The most inferior of the concentric structures is the __________ callosum. Indicate and label it on the diagram.
corpus
Superior to the cingulate gyrus is the cingulate sulcus; inferior to the cingulate gyrus is the __________.
corpus callosum
The marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus is a reliable landmark. This groove extends from the __________ ulate __________ and runs along the medial surface up to the __________ ior surface of the brain.
cingulate sulcus; superior
Label the indicated structures. __________
The central sulcus is visible on the medial view. It is always recognizable as the first sulcus in front of the __________ of the __________.
marginal branch; cingulate sulcus
The frontal lobe is demarcated by the corpus callosum, by the lateral sulcus, and posteriorly by the __________. Draw the boundaries of the frontal lobe on both views.
central sulcus
On the diagrams, label the cortical structures indicated by the lines. Where appropriate, specify motor function or the three general sensory functions.
